Family
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"Families" redirects here. For the daytime soap opera, see Families (TV series).
"Immediate family" redirects here. For the film, see Immediate Family (film).
For other uses, see Family (disambiguation).
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Close relationships
Types of relationships
Boyfriend · Bromance · Casual · Cicisbeo · Cohabitation · Concubinage · Courtesan · Domestic partnership · Family · Friendship · Girlfriend · Husband · Kinship · Marriage · Mistress (lover) · Monogamy · Non-monogamy · Polyamory · Polyfidelity · Polygamy · Romantic friendship · Same-sex relationship · Significant other · Soulmate · Widowhood · Wife
Major relationship events
Mating · Courtship · Bonding · Divorce · Infidelity · Relationship breakup · Romance · Separation · Wedding
Feelings and emotions
Affinity · Attachment · Compersion · Infatuation · Intimacy · Jealousy · Limerence · Love · Passion · Platonic love · Polyamory · Psychology of sexual monogamy
Human practices
Bride price (Dower · Dowry) · Hypergamy · Infidelity · Sexuality
Relationship abuse
Child abuse · Elder abuse · Infidelity · Pederasty · Spousal abuse · Teen dating violence
v • d • e
Family denotes a group of people or animals (many species form the equivalent of a human family wherein the adults care for the young) affiliated by a consanguinity, affinity or co-residence. Although the concept of consanguinity originally referred to relations by "blood," anthropologists[who?] have argued that one must understand the idea of "blood" metaphorically, and that many societies understand 'family' through other concepts rather than through genetic distance.
One of the primary functions of the family is to produce and reproduce persons, biologically and socially.[1][2] Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family is a family of orientation: the family serves to locate children socially, and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization.[3] From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a family of procreation the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.[4] However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two people, is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household.[5][6][7]
A conjugal family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age. The most common form of this family is regularly referred to in sociology as a nuclear family.[8]
A consanguineal family consists of a parent and his or her children, and other people.
A matrifocal family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. This kind of family is common where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Economic functions
* 2 Political functions
* 3 Kinship terminology
o 3.1 Western kinship
* 4 Family in the West
o 4.1 Families derive from human cultures not from nature
o 4.2 The Family as the first cell of the fascist society
o 4.3 Sociologists views of the family
o 4.4 Civil rights movements
o 4.5 Inbreeding
* 5 Size
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links
[edit] Economic functions
Anthropologists have often supposed that the family in a traditional society forms the primary economic unit. This economic role has gradually diminished in modern times, and in societies like the United States it has become much smaller — except in certain sectors such as agriculture and in a few upper class families. In China the family as an economic unit still plays a strong role in the countryside. However, the relations between the economic role of the family, its socio-economic mode of production and cultural values remain highly complex.
[edit] Political functions
Extended middle-class Midwestern U.S. family of Danish/German extraction
On the other hand family structures or its internal relationships may affect both state and religious institutions. J.F. del Giorgio in The Oldest Europeans points out that the high status of women among the descendants of the post-glacial Paleolithic European population was coherent with the fierce love of freedom of pre-Indo-European tribes. He believes that the extraordinary respect for women in those families meant that children raised in such atmospheres tended to distrust strong, authoritarian leaders. According to del Giorgio, European democracies have their roots in those ancient ancestors.
[edit] Kinship terminology
Main article: Kinship terminology
Archaeologist Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) performed the first survey of kinship terminologies in use around the world. Though much of his work is now considered dated, he argued that kinship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions. For example, most kinship terminologies distinguish between sexes (the difference between a brother and a sister) and between generations (the difference between a child and a parent). Moreover, he argued, kinship terminologies distinguish between relatives by blood and marriage (although recently some anthropologists have argued that many societies define kinship in terms other than "blood").
Morgan made a distinction between kinship systems that use classificatory terminology and those that use descriptive terminology. Morgan's distinction is widely misunderstood, even by contemporary anthropologists. Classificatory systems are generally and erroneously understood to be those that "class together" with a single term relatives who actually do not have the same type of relationship to ego. (What defines "same type of relationship" under such definitions seems to be genealogical relationship. This is more than a bit problematic given that any genealogical description, no matter how standardized, employs words originating in a folk understanding of kinship.) What Morgan's terminology actually differentiates are those (classificatory) kinship systems that do not distinguish lineal and collateral relationships and those (descriptive) kinship systems which do. Morgan, a lawyer, came to make this distinction in an effort to understand Seneca inheritance practices. A Seneca man's effects were inherited by his sisters' children rather than by his own children.[9]
Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies:
* Hawaiian: only distinguishes relatives based upon sex and generation.
* Sudanese: no two relatives share the same term.
* Eskimo: in addition to distinguishing relatives based upon sex and generation, also distinguishes between lineal relatives and collateral relatives.
* Iroquois: in addition to sex and generation, also distinguishes between siblings of opposite sexes in the parental generation.
* Crow: a matrilineal system with some features of an Iroquois system, but with a "skewing" feature in which generation is "frozen" for some relatives.
* Omaha: like a Crow system but patrilineal.
[edit] Western kinship
See also: Cousin chart
Most Western societies employ Eskimo kinship terminology. This kinship terminology commonly occurs in societies based on conjugal (or nuclear) families, where nuclear families have a degree of relative mobility.
Members of the nuclear family (or immediate family) use descriptive kinship terms:
* Mother: a female parent
* Father: a male parent
* Son: a male child of the parent(s)
* Daughter: a female child of the parent(s)
* Brother: a male child of the same parent(s)
* Sister: a female child of the same parent(s)
* Grandfather: father of a father or mother
* Grandmother: mother of a mother or father
Such systems generally assume that the mother's husband has also served as the biological father. In some families, a woman may have children with more than one man or a man may have children with more than one woman. The system refers to a child who shares only one parent with another child as a "half-brother" or "half-sister." For children who do not share biological or adoptive parents in common, English-speakers use the term "stepbrother" or "stepsister" to refer to their new relationship with each other when one of their biological parents marries one of the other child's biological parents.
Any person (other than the biological parent of a child) who marries the parent of that child becomes the "stepparent" of the child, either the "stepmother" or "stepfather." The same terms generally apply to children adopted into a family as to children born into the family.
Typically, societies with conjugal families also favor neolocal residence; thus upon marriage a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation) and forms a new nuclear family (family of procreation).
However, in the western society the single parent family has been growing more accepted and has begun to truly make an impact on culture. The majority of single parent families are more commonly single mother families than single father. These families face many difficult issues besides the fact that they have to raise their children on their own, but also have to deal with issues related to low income. Many single parents struggle with low incomes and find it hard to cope with other issues that they face including rent, child care, and other necessities required in maintaining a healthy and safe home.
Members of the nuclear families of members of one's own (former) nuclear family may class as lineal or as collateral. Kin who regard them as lineal refer to them in terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family:
An infant, his mother, his maternal grandmother, and his great-grandmother.
A Grandmother with her grandson
* Grandparent
o Grandfather: a parent's father
o Grandmother: a parent's mother
* Grandson: a child's son
* Granddaughter: a child's daughter
For collateral relatives, more classificatory terms come into play, terms that do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family:
* Uncle: father's brother, mother's brother, father's/mother's sister's husband
* Aunt: father's sister, mother's sister, father's/mother's brother's wife
* Nephew: sister's son, brother's son, wife's brother's son, wife's sister's son, husband's brother's son, husband's sister's son
* Niece: sister's daughter, brother's daughter, wife's brother's daughter, wife's sister's daughter, husband's brother's daughter, husband's sister's daughter
When additional generations intervene (in other words, when one's collateral relatives belong to the same generation as one's grandparents or grandchildren), the prefixes "great-" or "grand-" modifies these terms. And as with grandparents and grandchildren, as more generations intervene the prefix becomes "great grand", adding an additional "great" for each additional generation.
Most collateral relatives have never had membership of the nuclear family of the members of one's own nuclear family.
* Cousin: the most classificatory term; the children of aunts or uncles. One can further distinguish cousins by degrees of collaterality and by generation. Two persons of the same generation who share a grandparent count as "first cousins" (one degree of collaterality); if they share a great-grandparent they count as "second cousins" (two degrees of collaterality) and so on. If two persons share an ancestor, one as a grandchild and the other as a great-grandchild of that individual, then the two descendants class as "first cousins once removed" (removed by one generation); if the shared ancestor figures as the grandparent of one individual and the great-great-grandparent of the other, the individuals class as "first cousins twice removed" (removed by two generations), and so on. Similarly, if the shared ancestor figures as the great-grandparent of one person and the great-great-grandparent of the other, the individuals class as "second cousins once removed". Hence the phrase "third cousin once removed upwards".
Cousins of an older generation (in other words, one's parents' first cousins), though technically first cousins once removed, often get classified with "aunts" and "uncles".
Similarly, a person may refer to close friends of one's parents as "aunt" or "uncle", or may refer to close friends as "brother" or "sister", using the practice of fictive kinship.
English-speakers mark relationships by marriage (except for wife/husband) with the tag "-in-law". The mother and father of one's spouse become one's mother-in-law and father-in-law; the female spouse of one's child becomes one's daughter-in-law and the male spouse of one's child becomes one's son-in-law. The term "Sister-in-law" refers to three essentially different relationships, either the wife of one's sibling, or the sister of one's spouse, or, in some uses, the wife of one's spouse's sibling. "Brother-in-law" expresses a similar ambiguity. No special terms exist for the rest of one's spouse's family.
The terms "half-brother" and "half-sister" indicate siblings who share only one biological or adoptive parent.
[edit] Family in the West
[edit] Families derive from human cultures not from nature
Family arrangements in the United States have become more diverse with no particular household arrangement representing half of the United States population.[10]
The diverse data coming from ethnography, history, law and social statistics, establish that the human family is an institution and not a biological fact founded on the natural relationship of consanguinity.[11][12]
The different types of families occur in a wide variety of settings, and their specific functions and meanings depend largely on their relationship to other social institutions. Sociologists have a special interest in the function and status of these forms in stratified (especially capitalist) societies.
The term "nuclear family" is commonly used, especially in the United States and Europe, to refer to conjugal families. Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families (relatively independent of the kindreds of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindreds).
The term "extended family" is also common, especially in the United States and Europe. This term has two distinct meanings. First, it serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family". Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to kindred (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family.
These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families. Much sociological, historical and anthropological research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation, and of changes in the family form over time. Thus, some speak of the bourgeois family, a family structure arising out of 16th-century and 17th-century European households, in which the family centers on a marriage between a man and woman, with strictly-defined gender-roles. The man typically has responsibility for income and support, the woman for home and family matters.
According to the work of scholars Max Weber, Alan Macfarlane, Steven Ozment, Jack Goody and Peter Laslett, the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was "fueled by the religio-cultural value system provided by elements of Judaism, early Christianity, Roman Catholic canon law and the Protestant Reformation".[13]
In contemporary Europe and the United States, people in academic, political and civil sectors have called attention to single-father-headed households, and families headed by same-sex couples,[citation needed] although academics point out that these forms exist in other societies. Also the term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.[14]
[edit] The Family as the first cell of the fascist society
The model, common in the western societies, of the family triangle, husband-wife-children isolated from the outside, is also called oedipal model of the family, and it is a form of patriarchal-family.
Many philosophers and psychiatrists analyzed such model. One of the most prominent of such studies, is Anti-Œdipus by Deleuze and Guattari (1972). Michel Foucault, in its renowned preface, remarked how the primary focus of this study is the fight against contemporary fascism.[15]
“ And not only historical fascism, the fascism of Hitler and Mussolini [...] but also the fascism in us all, in our heads and in our everyday behavior, the fascism that causes us to love power, to desire the very thing that dominates and exploits us. ”
In the family, they argue, the young develop in a perverse relationship, wherein they learn to love the same person that beats and oppresses them. The family therefore constitutes the first cell of the fascist society, as they will carry this attitude of love for oppressive figures in their adult life.[15] Kindship and family forms have often been considered as impacting the social relations in the society as a whole, and therefore been described as the first cell or the building social unit of the structure of a society.[16][17] Fathers torment their sons.[17][18] Deleuze and Guattari, in their analysis of the dynamics at work within a family, "track down all varieties of fascism, from the enormous ones that surround and crush us to the petty ones that constitute the tyrannical bitterness of our everyday lives".[15]
As Deleuze, Guattari and Foucault, also other philosophers and psychiatrists like Laing and Reich, have explained that the patriarchal-family conceived in the West tradition, serves the purpose of perpetuating a propertarian and authoritarian society.[19] The child grows according to the Oedipal model, which is typical of the structure of capitalist societies,[11][12] and he becomes in turn owner of submissive children and protector of the woman.[18][20][21][22][23]
Some argue the family institution conflicts with human nature and human primitive desires, and that one of its core functions is performing a suppression of instincts,[11][12] a repression of desire commencing with the earliest age of the child.[19] As the young undergoes physical and psychic repression from someone they develop love for, they develop a loving attitude towards authority figures. They will bring such attitude in their adult life, when they will desire social repression and will form docile subjects for society.[19]
Michel Foucault, in his systematic study of sexuality, argued that rather than being merely repressed, the desires of the individual are efficiently mobilized and used,[15] to control the individual, alter interpersonal relationships and control the masses. Foucault believed organized religion, through moral prohibitions, and economic powers, through advertising, make use of unconscious sex drives. Dominating desire, they dominate individuals.[24]
According to the analysis of Michel Foucault, in the west:
the [conjugal] family organization, precisely to the extent that it was insular and heteromorphous with respect to the other power mechanisms, was used to support the great "maneuvers" employed for the Malthusian control of the birthrate, for the populationist incitements, for the medicalization of sex and the psychiatrization of its nongenital forms.
—Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality vol I, chap. IV, sect. Method, rule 3, p.99
[edit] Sociologists views of the family
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Contemporary society generally views family as a haven from the world, supplying absolute fulfillment. The family is considered to encourage "intimacy, love and trust where individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern society from the rough and tumble industrialized world, and as a place where warmth, tenderness and understanding can be expected from a loving mother, and protection from the world can be expected from the father. However, the idea of protection is declining as civil society faces less internal conflict combined with increased civil rights and protection from the state.[citation needed] To many, the ideal of personal or family fulfillment has replaced protection as the major role of the family. The family now supplies what is “vitally needed but missing from other social arrangements”.[25][page needed]
Social conservatives often express concern over a purported decay of the family and see this as a sign of the crumbling of contemporary society. They feel that the family structures of the past were superior to those today and believe that families were more stable and happier at a time when they did not have to contend with problems such as illegitimate children and divorce.[citation needed] Others dispute this theory, claiming “there is no golden age of the family gleaming at us in the far back historical past”.[25][page needed]
[edit] Civil rights movements
The Family Equality Council[26] envisions a future where all families, regardless of creation or composition, will be able to live in communities that recognize, respect, protect, and celebrate them. The organization envisions a world that celebrates a diversity of family constellations and respects individuals for supporting one another and sustaining loving families.
[edit] Inbreeding
A study performed by scientists from Iceland found that mating with a relative (incest) can significantly increase the number of children in a family. A lot of societies consider inbreeding unacceptable. Scientists warn that inbreeding may raise the chances of a child getting two copies of disease-causing recessive genes and in such a way it may lead to genetic disorders and higher infant mortality.
Scientists found that couples formed of relatives had more children and grandchildren than unrelated couples. The study revealed that when a husband and wife were third cousins, they had an average of 4.0 children and 9.2 grandchildren. If a woman was in relationship with her eight cousin, then the number of children declined, showing an average of 3.3 children and 7.3 grandchildren .[27]
[edit] Size
Natalism is the belief that human reproduction is the basis for individual existence, and therefore promotes having large families.
Many religions, e.g., Judaism,[28] encourage their followers to procreate and have many children.
In recent times, however, there has been an increasing amount of family planning and a following decrease in total fertility rate in many parts of the world, in part due to concerns of overpopulation.
Many countries with population decline offer incentives for people to have large families as a means of national efforts to reverse declining populations.
[edit] See also
* Adoption
o Illegitimacy
* Cinderella effect
* Clan
* Consanguinity
o Kin selection
o Pedigree collapse
* Domestic violence
* Family
o Polygamy
o American family structure
o Complex family
o Dysfunctional family
o Elderly care
* Family economics
o Family history
o Family life in literature
o Family as a model for the state
o Family law
o Family name
o Family therapy
o Grandfamily
o Grandparent
o Parenting
o Cost of raising a child
* Family environment scale
* Family tree
o Genealogy
o Genogram
o Kinship terminology
* Interpersonal relationship and Intimate relationship
o Incest
o Cohabitation
o Common-law marriage
* Sociology of the family
* The Family: A Proclamation to the World
* Familycentrics
* Hindu joint family
* Survivalism
[edit] References
1. ^ Schneider, David 1984 A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 182
2. ^ Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p.80
3. ^ Russon, John, (2003) Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life, Albany: State University of New York Press. pp 61-68.
4. ^ George Peter Murdoch Social Structure page 13
5. ^ Wolf, Eric 1982 Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. 92
6. ^ Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in Population. Ecology, and Social Evolution, Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: the Hague.
7. ^ Rivière, Peter 1987 “Of Women, Men, and Manioc,” Etnologiska Studien (38).
8. ^ nuclear family - ".A family group consisting of wife, husband (or one of these) and dependent children." - Definitions of Anthropological Terms - Anthropological Resources - (Court Smith) Department of Anthropology, Oregon State,University
9. ^ Tooker, Elisabeth. “Another View of Morgan on Kinship.” Current Anthropology 20, no. 1 (March 1979): 131-134.
10. ^ Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families & Intinamte Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-36674-0.
11. ^ a b c Lacan 1938-2001, pp.24-25, 56
12. ^ a b c Fugier Pascal, 2007, p.226-8
13. ^ "The Collapse of Marriage by Don Browning - The Christian Century, (February 7, 2006, 24-28.)". http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3322. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
14. ^ Blended and Blessed - Encouraging Step-Families[dead link]
15. ^ a b c d Foucault (1972) Preface to Anti-Œdipus pp. xiii-xvi).
16. ^ Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, 1930s works
17. ^ a b John Phillips Structural Linguistics and Anthropology
18. ^ a b Wilhelm Reich The Sexual Revolution 1975 - Pocket Books (p. 71-77)
19. ^ a b c Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 7, pp.129-31
20. ^ (Italian) Gianni Vattimo Tutto in famiglia (article appeared on Il Manifesto October 15 2004)
21. ^ (Italian) Luttazzi, Daniele Bollito misto con mostarda (2005) p.262
22. ^ Theodor W. Adorno and Stephen Crook Adorno ISBN 0415270995, p. 9-10
23. ^ E. James Anthony, The Family and the Psychoanalytic Process in Children (1980). Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 35:3-34
24. ^ Foucault, The History of Sexuality
25. ^ a b Zinn and Eitzen (1987) Diversity in American families
26. ^ Family Equality Council
27. ^ Related Couples Have More Children
28. ^ Joys of A Large Family by Rebbetzin Faige Twerski
Notes
* American Kinship, David M. Schneider
* A Natural History of Families, Scott Forbes, Princeton University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-691-09482-9
* Foucault, Michel (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introduction. New York Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0679724698
* More Than Kin and Less Than Kind, Douglas W. Mock, Belknap Press, 2004, ISBN 0-674-01285-2
* Denis Chevallier, « Famille et parenté : une bibliographie », Terrain, Numéro 4 - Famille et parenté (mars 1985), [En ligne], mis en ligne le 17 juillet 2005. [URL : http://terrain.revues.org/document2874.html]. Consulté le 15 juin 2007. (French)
* Jack Goody (1983) The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge University Press); translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese. review: "JSTOR: Theory and Society: Vol. 14, No. 3 (May, 1985), pp. 371-379". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0304-2421%28198505%2914%3A3%3C371%3ANWOTHO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
* Family & Society. Islamonline.net [1]
* Jacques Lacan [1938] (2001) Les complexes familiaux dans la formation de l’individu ( the familial complexes in the formation of the individual ) Essai d’analyse d’une fonction en psychologie, published in Autres écrits, Editions du Seuil, 2001, pp. 23-84. First appeared in volume VIII of the Encyclopédie française as the entry article for "The Family". [2]
* Fugier Pascal Note de lecture on Lacan ¿ Interrogations ? - Revue pluridisciplinaire en sciences de l’homme et de la société. Numéro 4. Formes et figures de la précarité. Juin 2007.
* Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari Capitalism and Schizophrenia, consisting of the two volumes Anti-Œdipus (1972), and A Thousand Plateaus (1980). See in particular Anti-Œdipus, Part 2, ch 7, pp. 123-33.
[edit] Further reading
* Mattox, William R., Jr., "America's family time famine", Children Today, Nov-Dec, 1990
[edit] External links
* Family Research Laboratory
* Family evolution and contemporary social transformations[3] (A page of Estación de Economía Política)
* Family Facts: Social Science Research on Family, Society & Religion (a Heritage Foundation site)
* Families Australia - independent peak not-for-profit organisation
* United Families International International organisation
* UN - Families and Development
* Wiktionary entries for Western kinship terminology providing multilingual translations
o mother, father, son, daughter, brother, sister
o grandmother grandfather grandson granddaughter
o uncle aunt nephew niece
o cousin
* Family, marriage and "de facto" unions - vatican.va
Saturday, May 30, 2009
Friday, May 29, 2009
kamagurka
Kamagurka
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Kamagurka, aka Luc Zeebroek (Nieuwpoort, Belgium, 5 May 1956) is a Belgian cartoonist, theater- and televisionmaker. Kamagurka is known for his absurd cartoons and tvshows. He has a big variety of comicfigures, but "Bert en Bobje" are the most welknown. He also writes the scenarios for Herr Seele's comic of Cowboy Henk.
[edit] Biography
Kamagurka studied Art in Bruges and later performed studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent. However, he quit school before he would graduate.
He got to be known in Belgium because of his work as cartoonist in the weekly magazine Humo. Inspired by the absurd and shocking comics and cartoons of Robert Crumb, Roland Topor and the controversial French magazine Hara Kiri he introduced similar drawings in Belgium.
During a schooltrip in Paris Kamagurka decided to go to the editorial building of the magazine Hari Kiri. Only twenty years old, he ended up going there every two weeks to stay there for three days. Kamagurka still believes this to be his true education and the foundation of the rest of his career.
In 1972 he made his debut as cartoonist in "De Zeewacht". Three years later he became the regular cartoonist at Humo, with the support of Guy Mortier. In those first years the magazine received dozens of critical letters of readers in which Kamagurkas cartoons were attacked because people didn't understand them or because they saw them as too "vulguar". This made him a cultfigure. Until this day he is still one of the main cartoonists of the magazine.
Since the 80s he also makes a few cartoons with Herr Seele, with whom he also made several radio ("Studio Kafka", "Kamagurkistan") and televisionshows (like "Lava", "Johnnywood", "Wees blij met wat je hebt" and "Bob en George"). since 1981 they also make the comic Cowboy Henk, with Kamagurka responsible for the jokes and Seele making the drawings.
Kamagurka doesn't only make cartoons, but also paints and performs theater all throughout Flanders and The Netherlands.
He has made music since the beginning of the 80s with singles as "Constant Degoutant" , "Marjoleintje", "Een klein leger, maar een dik leger" (1981) and one censured by national radio "Weg met Boudewijn. Leve Fabiola". They called themselves Kamagurka en de Vlaamse Primitieven. In 2000 he released a new album called : "Oh Sabrina, wat heb je met mijn snor gedaan?" with singles like the title song and "Nee, mijn lief: je bent niet te dik."
In 1985 he received the Geuzenprijs for his entire oeuvre.
Since from 2002 he paid large contributions to "De Laatste Show". In 2005 he also had a theaterproduction with Jules Deelder: "Kamadeeldra".
Since 2006 he has been making television for "Man bijt Hond" with his show "De grens".
In 2008 Kamagurka does a huge artproject called "Kamalmanak". The idea is that he makes a painting for each day in 2008, which is a leap year so in the end it will result in 366 paintings. The project is sponsored by the businessman Marc Coucke, member of the board of directors of the company Omega Pharma. Coucke is not only an artlover but also a big admirer of the art of Luc Zeebroek.
During the Kamalmanak project he started to make short movies for the digital Dutch site NRC Tv. While filming one of these short films he invented a new art movement called Accidentalism. He has changed the art of portraits by what he calls 'Accidentalism'. It goes as follows: Kamagurka paints a portrait of someone he sees in his mind. Then he shows this portrait on television, in newspapers, on the internet..with the following questions :"Is this you ?" or 'Do you know somebody who looks like this portrait ?'. As evidence the person who has been painted by accident can send a picture. The person who looks most like the painted portrait is by the artist officially claimed as the portrayed one. That's how accidentalism works -par accident- French for accidental or coincidental.
Jump to: navigation, search
Kamagurka, aka Luc Zeebroek (Nieuwpoort, Belgium, 5 May 1956) is a Belgian cartoonist, theater- and televisionmaker. Kamagurka is known for his absurd cartoons and tvshows. He has a big variety of comicfigures, but "Bert en Bobje" are the most welknown. He also writes the scenarios for Herr Seele's comic of Cowboy Henk.
[edit] Biography
Kamagurka studied Art in Bruges and later performed studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent. However, he quit school before he would graduate.
He got to be known in Belgium because of his work as cartoonist in the weekly magazine Humo. Inspired by the absurd and shocking comics and cartoons of Robert Crumb, Roland Topor and the controversial French magazine Hara Kiri he introduced similar drawings in Belgium.
During a schooltrip in Paris Kamagurka decided to go to the editorial building of the magazine Hari Kiri. Only twenty years old, he ended up going there every two weeks to stay there for three days. Kamagurka still believes this to be his true education and the foundation of the rest of his career.
In 1972 he made his debut as cartoonist in "De Zeewacht". Three years later he became the regular cartoonist at Humo, with the support of Guy Mortier. In those first years the magazine received dozens of critical letters of readers in which Kamagurkas cartoons were attacked because people didn't understand them or because they saw them as too "vulguar". This made him a cultfigure. Until this day he is still one of the main cartoonists of the magazine.
Since the 80s he also makes a few cartoons with Herr Seele, with whom he also made several radio ("Studio Kafka", "Kamagurkistan") and televisionshows (like "Lava", "Johnnywood", "Wees blij met wat je hebt" and "Bob en George"). since 1981 they also make the comic Cowboy Henk, with Kamagurka responsible for the jokes and Seele making the drawings.
Kamagurka doesn't only make cartoons, but also paints and performs theater all throughout Flanders and The Netherlands.
He has made music since the beginning of the 80s with singles as "Constant Degoutant" , "Marjoleintje", "Een klein leger, maar een dik leger" (1981) and one censured by national radio "Weg met Boudewijn. Leve Fabiola". They called themselves Kamagurka en de Vlaamse Primitieven. In 2000 he released a new album called : "Oh Sabrina, wat heb je met mijn snor gedaan?" with singles like the title song and "Nee, mijn lief: je bent niet te dik."
In 1985 he received the Geuzenprijs for his entire oeuvre.
Since from 2002 he paid large contributions to "De Laatste Show". In 2005 he also had a theaterproduction with Jules Deelder: "Kamadeeldra".
Since 2006 he has been making television for "Man bijt Hond" with his show "De grens".
In 2008 Kamagurka does a huge artproject called "Kamalmanak". The idea is that he makes a painting for each day in 2008, which is a leap year so in the end it will result in 366 paintings. The project is sponsored by the businessman Marc Coucke, member of the board of directors of the company Omega Pharma. Coucke is not only an artlover but also a big admirer of the art of Luc Zeebroek.
During the Kamalmanak project he started to make short movies for the digital Dutch site NRC Tv. While filming one of these short films he invented a new art movement called Accidentalism. He has changed the art of portraits by what he calls 'Accidentalism'. It goes as follows: Kamagurka paints a portrait of someone he sees in his mind. Then he shows this portrait on television, in newspapers, on the internet..with the following questions :"Is this you ?" or 'Do you know somebody who looks like this portrait ?'. As evidence the person who has been painted by accident can send a picture. The person who looks most like the painted portrait is by the artist officially claimed as the portrayed one. That's how accidentalism works -par accident- French for accidental or coincidental.
Thursday, May 28, 2009
Order of the Bath
Order of the Bath
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Order of the Bath
CB military badge.jpg
Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division)
Awarded by the Queen of the United Kingdom
Type
Motto TRIA IUNCTA IN UNO
ICH DIEN (Military division)
Awarded for At the monarch's pleasure
Status Currently constituted
Sovereign Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Grades (w/ post-nominals) Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross
Knight Commander or Dame Commander
Companion
Former grades Knight Companion
Established 18 May 1725
Precedence
Next (higher) Order of St Patrick
Next (lower) Order of the Star of India
Order of the Bath UK ribbon.png
Ribbon bar of the Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.[2] The name derives from the medieval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath.[3] George I "erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order".[4] He did not (as is often stated) revive the Order of the Bath, since it had never previously existed as an Order, in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred.[5][6]
The Order consists of the Sovereign (currently HM Queen Elizabeth II), the Great Master (currently HRH The Prince of Wales),[7] and three Classes of members:[8]
* Knight Grand Cross (GCB) or Dame Grand Cross (GCB)
* Knight Commander (KCB) or Dame Commander (DCB)
* Companion (CB)
Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division.[9] Prior to 1815, the order had only a single class, Knights Companion (KB), which no longer exists.[10] Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants.[11][12] Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members[13]
The Order of the Bath is the fourth-most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick.[14] The last of the aforementioned Orders, which relates to Ireland, still exists but has been in disuse since the formation of the Irish Free State.[15]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Knights of the Bath
o 1.2 Foundation of the Order
o 1.3 Restructuring in 1815
o 1.4 The Victorian era
o 1.5 The 20th century
* 2 Composition
o 2.1 Sovereign
o 2.2 Great Master
o 2.3 Members
o 2.4 Officers
* 3 Vestments and accoutrements
* 4 Chapel
* 5 Precedence and privileges
* 6 Revocation
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Knights of the Bath
A painting by Edmund Leighton depicting a fictional scene of a knight receiving the accolade
In the Middle Ages, knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the knight-to-be taking a bath (possibly symbolic of spiritual purification)[16] during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry. Clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight. He was then brought before the King, who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight-elect's heels, fastened a belt around his waist, then struck him on the neck (with either a hand or a sword), thus making him a knight.[17] It was this "accolade" which was the essential act in creating a knight, and a simpler ceremony developed, conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight-to-be on the shoulder with a sword,[18] or "dubbing" him, as is still done today. In the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families.[16]
From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399 the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions such as coronations, investitures of the Prince of Wales or royal Dukes, and royal weddings,[19] and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath.[16] Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661.[20]
From at least 1625,[21] and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno (Latin for "Three joined in one"), and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval.[22] These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear. The 'three joined in one' may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held (or claimed in the case of France) by British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge.[23] Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity.[11] Nicolas quotes a source (although he is sceptical of it) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina iuncta in uno, (three powers/gods joined in one), but from the reign of James I the word numina was dropped and the motto understood to mean Tria [regna] iuncta in uno (three kingdoms joined in one).[24]
[edit] Foundation of the Order
The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, England's highest heraldic officer. Sir Anthony Wagner, a recent holder of the office of Garter, wrote of Anstis's motivations:
It was Martin Leake's[25] opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded, he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense. It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal, which was not hard, their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established, but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry, which can by no means have been easy, considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office ... The main object of Anstis's next move, the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured, of ingratiating him with the all-powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole.[26]
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister, who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage
The use of honours in the early 18th century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. The only honours available at that time were hereditary (not life) peerages and baronetcies, knighthoods and the Order of the Garter (or the Order of the Thistle for Scots), none of which were awarded in large numbers (the Garter and the Thistle are limited to 24 and 16 living members respectively.) The political environment was also significantly different from today:
The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century. The Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, but the choice remained his. The leader of an administration still had to command the King's personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, and other marks of Royal favour to the government's supporters.[27]
The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position.[28] George I having agreed to Walpole's proposal, Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath. As noted above, he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath, as well as the colour of the riband and mantle, and the ceremony for creating a knight. The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter, of which he was an officer (as Garter King of Arms).[29] The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated 18 May 1725, and the statutes issued the following week.[30][31]
The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign, a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight, a Great Master and thirty-five Knights Companion.[32] Seven officers (see below) were attached to the Order. These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage, as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master, supported by fees from the knights. Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order, only a few military officers were among the initial appointments (see List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath). They may be broken down into categories as follows (note that some are classified in more than one category):[33]
* Members of the House of Commons: 14
* The Royal Household or sinecures: 11
* Diplomats: 4
* The Walpole family, including the Prime Minister: 3
* Naval and Army Officers: 3
* Irish Peers: 2
* Country gentlemen with Court Appointments: 2
Admiral George Rodney (appointed a Knight Companion in 1780) wearing the riband and star of the Order
The majority of the new Knights Companion were knighted by the King and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725.[34] Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights, this was not performed, and indeed was possibly never intended to be, as the original statutes contained a provision[35] allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements. The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation, which was performed in the Order's Chapel, the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey, on June 17. This precedent was followed until 1812, after which the Installation was also dispensed with, until its revival in the twentieth century.[36] The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847.[37]
Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political, from the 1770s appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval, military or diplomatic achievements. This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period.[38][20] The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war, who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes, and whose number was not subject to any restrictions.[39] Another statute, this one issued some 80 years earlier, had also added a military note to the Order. Each knight was required, under certain circumstances, to supply and support four men-at-arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year, to serve in any part of Great Britain.[40] This company was to be captained by the Great Master, who had to supply four trumpeters, and was also to appoint eight officers for this body, however the statute was never invoked.[34]
[edit] Restructuring in 1815
In 1815, with the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Prince Regent (later George IV) expanded the Order of the Bath "to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order, and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity, accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned."[10]
The Order was now to consist of three classes: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander, and Companions. The existing Knights Companion (of which there were 60)[41] became Knight Grand Cross; this class was limited to 72 members, of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services. The military members had to be of the rank of at least Major-General or Rear Admiral. The Knights Commander were limited to 180, exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions, up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander. They had to be of the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel or Post-Captain. The number of Companions was not specified, but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803. A list of about 500 names was subsequently published.[42] Two further officers were appointed, an "Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commanders and Companions", and a "Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions"[10] The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order.[11]
[edit] The Victorian era
In 1847 Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order. As well as removing the word 'Military' from the full name of the Order, this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments, and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established. New numerical limits were imposed, and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order.[43][44] The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual, however they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony, conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order, attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible, in their Mantles.[45]
In 1859 a further edition of the Statutes was issued; the changes related mainly to the costs associated with the Order. Prior to this date it had been the policy that the insignia (which were provided by the Crown) were to be returned on the death of the holder; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership. In addition foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds, whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars. The decision was made to award silver stars to all members, and only require the return of the Collar. The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war. The fees were abolished and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value. The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished, and those of Registrar and Secretary combined.[46]
[edit] The 20th century
Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns in his dress uniform, wearing the star, riband and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
In 1910, after his accession to the throne, George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony,[20] perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George, held a few years earlier,[47] and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911.[48]
The Installation ceremony took place on 22 July 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel,[49][50] and Installations have been held at regular intervals since.
Prior to the 1913 Installation it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members. An appeal was made to the members of the Order, and following the Installation a surplus remained. A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the 'Bath Chapel Fund', and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones.[51]
Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925, to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision.[52]
Women were admitted to the Order in 1971.[20] In 1975, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, an aunt of Elizabeth II, became the first to reach the highest rank, Dame Grand Cross.[20] Princess Alice (whose maiden name was Lady Alice Douglas-Montagu-Scott) was a direct descendant of the Order's first Great Master,[53] and her husband, who had died the previous year, had also held that office.
Senior civil servants, such as permanent secretaries, and senior members of the armed forces, such as generals, are often appointed to the order. Civil servants associated with the Foreign Office, including ambassadors, are usually appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George.
[edit] Composition
[edit] Sovereign
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath. As with all honours except those in the Sovereign's personal gift,[54] the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government.
[edit] Great Master
Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, Great Master 1843–1861. During the nineteenth century, Knights Grand Cross wore their mantles over imitations of seventeenth century dress. They now wear them over contemporary attire.
The next-most senior member of the Order is the Great Master, of which there have been nine:
* 1725–1749: John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu[55][56]
* 1749–1767: (vacant)
* 1767–1827: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
* 1827–1830: Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV)
* 1830–1837: (vacant)
* 1837–1843: Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex[57][58]
* 1843–1861: Albert, Prince Consort[59][60]
* 1861–1897: (vacant)
* 1897–1901: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII)[61]
* 1901–1942: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn[62]
* 1942–1974: Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester[63]
* 1974–present: Charles, Prince of Wales.[7]
Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal, as the Principal Knight Companion, ranked next after the sovereign.[64] This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847.[65] The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or "some other exalted personage"; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes.[9]
[edit] Members
The statutes also provide for the following:[20]
* 120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross (GCB) (of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal)
* 355 Knights Commander (KCB) or Dames Commander (DCB)
* 1,925 Companions (CB)
Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries of which the Queen is Sovereign. Members appointed to the Civil Division must "by their personal services to [the] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited ... royal favour."[66] Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the rank of the individual. GCBs must hold the rank of Rear Admiral, Major General or Air Vice Marshal.[13] KCBs must hold the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy, Colonel in the Army or Royal Marines, or Group Captain in the Royal Air Force.[67] CBs must be of the rank of Lieutenant Commander, Major or Squadron Leader, and in addition must have been mentioned in despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation. Non-line officers (e.g. engineers, medics) may be appointed only for meritorious service in war time.[68]
Warrant appointing Italian Captain (later Admiral) Ernesto Burzagli as an honorary Companion of the Order
Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members.[69] Queen Elizabeth II has established the custom of awarding an honorary GCB to visiting heads of state, for example Gustav Heinemann (in 1972),[70] Ronald Reagan (in 1989), Lech Wałęsa (in 1991),[20] Fernando Henrique Cardoso, George H. W. Bush (in 1993),[71] Nicolas Sarkozy in March 2008,[72] Turkish President Abdullah Gül,[73] Slovenian President Dr Danilo Türk[74] and most recently Mexican President Felipe Calderón.[75] Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order, for example Georgy Zhukov,[76] Dwight D. Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur during World War II,[77] and Norman Schwarzkopf[78] and Colin Powell[79] after the Gulf War. A more controversial member of the Order was Robert Mugabe, whose honour was stripped by the Queen, on the advice of Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, on 25 June 2008 as "as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided."[80]
Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class.[81] In addition the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances.[82]
[edit] Officers
The Order of the Bath now has six officers:[83]
* the Dean: John Robert Hall
* the King of Arms: Gen. Sir Brian Kenny[84]
* the Registrar and Secretary: R-Adm. Iain Henderson[85][86]
* the Deputy Secretary: Lt-Col. Alexander Matheson, younger, of Matheson
* the Genealogist: Peter Gwynn-Jones[87]
* the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod: Maj-Gen. Charles Vyvyan[85][86]
The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster. The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry, is known as the Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms, like many heralds. The Order's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod) perform any duties in the House of Lords.
There were originally seven officers, each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment and annually thereafter. The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859.[46] The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time, but revived in 1913.[88] The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859, although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century.[89] An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815,[10] but abolished in 1847.[90] The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925.
Under the Hanoverian kings certain of the officers also held heraldic office. The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist, Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher, and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales.[91] This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master, while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life.[92]
[edit] Vestments and accoutrements
Representation of the star of the Order (civil division).
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the civil division of the order.
Mantle of the Order.
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the order.
Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations), which vary by rank:
The mantle, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of crimson satin lined with white taffeta. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels.[93]
The hat, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander, is made of black velvet; it includes an upright plume of feathers.[94]
The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces (933 g). It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers (roses for England, thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Ireland), connected by seventeen silver knots.[93]
On lesser occasions, simpler insignia are used: The star is used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. Its style varies by rank and division; it is worn pinned to the left breast:
The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight-pointed silver star; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters. The circle is flanked by two laurel branches and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien (older German for "I serve") in gold letters.[93]
The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight-pointed silver star, without the Maltese cross; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars, except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded.[93]
The badge varies in design, size and manner of wearing by rank and division. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross' badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander's badge, which is in turn larger than the Companion's badge;[95] however, these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip.[93] Knights Commander and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck. Dames Commander and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side:
The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points, enamelled in white. Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball; each angle has a small figure of a lion. The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side. Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order, which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches, above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters.[93]
The civil badge is a plain gold oval, bearing three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order.[93]
On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or eveningwear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar.[93]
The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners. All other insignia may be retained by their owners.[93]
[edit] Chapel
Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749.
The Chapel of the Order is Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey.[96] Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, and a religious service are held in the Chapel; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony. The last such service was in May 2006 and was attended by the Sovereign.[20] The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel. Since there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel, only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed. A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB, and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs.[96] Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long; for instance, Marshal of the Air Force Lord Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984, but was not installed until 2006.[20]
Above each stall, the occupant's heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank (if she is a peer or member of the Royal family) is used.[96]
Above the crest or coronet, the knight's or dame's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order.
Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights (and now Dames) throughout history.
When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815 the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel.[10] This was never implemented (despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees) primarily due to lack of space,[97] although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member's name, date of nomination, and (for the two higher classes) optionally the coat of arms.[98]
[edit] Precedence and privileges
Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence.[99] Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.)
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix "Sir," and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix "Dame," to their forenames.[100] Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood.
Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCB"; Knights Commander use "KCB"; Dames Commander use "DCB"; Companions use "CB".[101]
Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters.[102] Furthermore, they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a red circle bearing the motto) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter.
Knights and Dames Commander and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, around their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with "two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien", as appears on the badge.
[edit] Revocation
It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Under the 1725 statutes the grounds for this were heresy, high treason, or fleeing from battle out of cowardice. Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting. It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to "pluck down the escocheon [i.e. stallplate] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel" with "all the usual marks of infamy".[103] Only two people were ever degraded — Lord Cochrane in 1813 and General Sir Eyre Coote in 1816, both for political reasons, rather than any of the grounds given in the statute. Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated, but Coote died a few years after his degradation.[104]
Under Queen Victoria's 1847 statutes a member "convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman, or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time, shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign". The Sovereign was to be the sole judge, and also had the power to restore such members.[105]
The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled, and the entry in the register erased, by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order, on the recommendation of the appropriate Minister. Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed.[106]
William Pottinger, a senior civil servant, lost both his Companionship of the Order of the Bath and CVO in 1975 when he was gaoled for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson.[107]
Romanian president Nicolae Ceauşescu was stripped of his honorary GCB by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 December 1989.
Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe, was stripped of his honorary GCB by the Queen, on the advice of Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, on 25 June 2008 as "as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided."
[edit] See also
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For people who have been appointed to the Order of the Bath, see the following categories:
* Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
* List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Knights of the Bath
* Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath
* List of people who have declined a British honour
* List of revocations of appointments to orders and awarded decorations and medals of the United Kingdom
[edit] Notes
1. ^ The word 'Military' was removed from the name by Queen Victoria in 1847. Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847
2. ^ Statutes 1725, although Risk says 11 May
3. ^ Anstis, Observations, p4
4. ^ Letters patent dated 18 May 1725, quoted in Statutes 1725
5. ^ Wagner, Heralds of England, p 357, referring to John Anstis, who proposed the Order, says: "He had the happy inspiration of reviving this ancient name and chivalric associations, but attaching it, as it never had been before, to an Order or company of knights."
6. ^ Perkins, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, p1 "It can scarcely be claimed that a properly constituted Order existed at any time during the preceding centuries [prior to the reign of Charles II]"
7. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 46428, p. 12559, 10 December 1974. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
8. ^ Statutes 1925, article 2
9. ^ a b Statutes 1925, article 5
10. ^ a b c d e London Gazette: no. 16972, pp. 17–20, 4 January 1815. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
11. ^ a b c "www.royal.gov.uk article on the Order of the Bath as part of the Honours System". http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4883.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
12. ^ Statutes 1925, articles 8–12
13. ^ a b Statutes 1925, article 8
14. ^ See, for example, the order of wear for orders and decorations, the Royal Warrant defining precedence in Scotland (London Gazette: no. 27774, pp. 2012–2014, 14 March 1905. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.) or the discussion of precedence at http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm
15. ^ "www.royal.gov.uk article on the Order of St Patrick". http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page4880.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
16. ^ a b c Risk, History of the Order of the Bath, p6
17. ^ The Manner of making Knights after the custom of England in time of peace and at the Coronation, that is Knights of the Bath, quoted in Perkins, pp 5–14
18. ^ According to Anstis (Observations, p73) such knights were sometimes known as Knights of the Sword or Knights of the Carpet
19. ^ Anstis, p66
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i "www.royal.gov.uk feature article on the Order of the Bath". http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5296.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
21. ^ Risk, p114
22. ^ Nicolas, History of the orders of knighthood of the British empire, p38–9
23. ^ The later usage by the Order of the Bath does not make things any clearer. The presence of the rose, thistle and shamrock (symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland respectively) in the Collar supports the above claim. The shamrocks however were not added until the 19th century, probably as a result of a suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, who in his proposal observed that the presence of the shamrock would "greatly augment the meaning of the motto" (Risk, p 115). A further explanation for the crowns is provided in the 1725 statutes of the Order. The coat of arms which was to appear on the Order's seal (Azure three imperial crowns Or, that is, three gold imperial crowns on a blue background) was described as being anciently attributed to King Arthur.
24. ^ Nicolas, p 38, quoting Bishop Kennet Register and Chronicle Ecclesiastical and Civil from the Restoration of King Charles II faithfully taken from the manuscripts of the Lord Bishop of Peterborough, (1728) p410
25. ^ Garter King of Arms from 1754 to 1773, and an officer of arms for some 25 years before that
26. ^ Wagner, pp348, 357
27. ^ Risk, p2
28. ^ In the words of his son, Horace Walpole, "The Revival of the Order of the Bath was a measure of Sir Robert Walpole, and was an artful bank of favours in lieu of places. He meant to stave off the demand for Garters, and intended that the Red [i.e. the Order of the Bath] should be a step to the Blue [the Order of the Garter]; and accordingly took one of the former for himself." Horace Walpole, Reminiscences (1788)
29. ^ Nicolas, p237–8, Footnote
30. ^ Risk, p4
31. ^ Statutes 1725
32. ^ Statutes 1725, article 2
33. ^ Risk, p15,16
34. ^ a b Risk, p16
35. ^ Statutes 1725, article 6, the same article which state "[the Great Master shall] take especial care that ... the antient Rituals belonging to this Knighthood be observed with the greatest Exactness"
36. ^ No Installation had been held between 1812 and the coronation of George IV in 1821, by which time the number of knights exceeded the number of stalls in the chapel. To allow the knights to wear their collars at the coronation (which they could not do until installed) they were dispensed from the Installation, and this precedent was subsequently followed. (Risk, p43)
37. ^ Risk, p10
38. ^ Risk, p20
39. ^ Statute dated 8 May 1812, quoted in Statutes 1847
40. ^ Statute dated 20 April 1727, quoted in Statutes 1847
41. ^ The Times, 10 January 1815, p3
42. ^ London Gazette: no. 17061, pp. 1877–1882, 16 September 1815. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
43. ^ Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847
44. ^ The document by which the Prince Regent modified the structure of the Order in 1815 was a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual. This is of lesser authority than Letters Patent under the Great Seal, by which the Order and its Statutes were originally established. It had been questioned on a number of occasions whether the Statutes of the Order could be modified by anything less than such Letters Patent. The 1847 Letters Patent retroactively confirmed the validity of the 1815 document and the subsequent appointments to the Order
45. ^ Risk, p61
46. ^ a b Risk, p70
47. ^ Risk, p89
48. ^ Perkins, p122
49. ^ Risk, p92
50. ^ Perkins, p124–131
51. ^ Risk, p95–6
52. ^ 16 in Queen Victoria's reign, 6 in Edward VII's and 19 in George V's. (Risk, p97)
53. ^ Risk, p102
54. ^ The Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order
55. ^ London Gazette: no. 6376, p. 1, 25 May 1725. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
56. ^ Nicolas, Appendix p. lxx gives the first four Great Masters, although he considers the latter three to have only been acting Great Masters
57. ^ London Gazette: no. 19570, p. 3309, 19 December 1837. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
58. ^ London Gazette: no. 19592, p. 407, 23 February 1838. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
59. ^ Prince Albert was appointed acting Great Master sometime in 1843, and the appointment was made substantive by the 1847 Statutes, article 4. Risk says that he was appointed acting Great Master on March 31, 1843, however The Times, reporting the death of the Duke of Sussex (22 April 1843, pp4–5) says that the office of acting Great Master became vacant on his death. At any rate when the executors of the Duke of Sussex delivered his insignia together with the seal and statutes to the Queen on 20 June (The Times, 21 June 1843, p6) Prince Albert was then acting Great Master.
60. ^ London Gazette: no. 20737, pp. 1947–1957, 25 May 1847. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
61. ^ The Times, 22 June 1897, p10
62. ^ London Gazette: no. 27289, p. 1414, 26 February 1901. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
63. ^ The Times, 25 February 1942, p7
64. ^ Statutes 1725, article 4
65. ^ Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847
66. ^ Statutes 1925, article 9
67. ^ Statutes 1925, article 10
68. ^ Statutes 1925, article 12
69. ^ Statutes 1925, article 15
70. ^ The Times, 25 October 1972, p21
71. ^ The Times, 1 December 1993, p24
72. ^ Samuel, Henry (2008-03-27). "Nicolas Sarkozy awarded honorary title". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/27/nsarkozy327.xml. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
73. ^ "Queen cherishes UK-Turkey ties" (in Turkish). Turkish Daily News. http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=104527. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
74. ^ "Queen begins state visit to Slovenia". BBC. 2008-10-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7681244.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
75. ^ "Mexico takes back its leadership in Latin America: Calderón" (in Spanish). Milenio. http://www.milenio.com/node/192264. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
76. ^ The Times, Issue 50193; 13 July 1945; pg. 4; col A
77. ^ The Times, 27 May 1943, p4
78. ^ The Times, 21 May 1991
79. ^ Branigan, Tania (2004-05-12). "Colin Powell claims Scottish coat of arms". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/may/12/usa.world. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
80. ^ "Queen strips Robert Mugabe of knighthood in 'revulsion' at violence". The Times. 2008-06-25. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4213800.ece. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
81. ^ Statutes 1925, article 18
82. ^ "In the event of any future wars or of any action or services civil or military meriting peculiar honour and reward...to increase the numbers in any of the said classes and in any of the said divisions". Statutes 1925, article 17
83. ^ Court Circular, 17 May 2006
84. ^ London Gazette: no. 55568, p. 8229, 30 July 1999. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
85. ^ a b Court Circular, 13 June 2006
86. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 58010, p. 8073, 13 June 2006. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
87. ^ London Gazette: no. 54193, p. 14335, 24 October 1995. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
88. ^ Risk, p93
89. ^ Risk, pp13, 70
90. ^ Statutes 1847, article 15
91. ^ Statute dated 17 January 1726 (according to Risk, p14). Both the 1812 and 1847 editions of the Statutes give the date as 17 January 1725, but this is most probably a misprint since the Order was not founded until May 1725, and the additional statute also specified the office holders by name.
92. ^ Risk, p14
93. ^ a b c d e f g h i Statutes 1925, article 23
94. ^ The hat was formerly of white satin (Statutes 1725, article 8), but was changed to black velvet at the command of George IV for his coronation (Nicolas, p198). The hat is not explicitly specified in the 1847 or 1925 statutes
95. ^ Statutes 1925, articles 23,24,25
96. ^ a b c Statutes 1925, article 21
97. ^ Risk, p40
98. ^ Statutes 1847, article 18
99. ^ Statutes 1925, article 22
100. ^ Statutes 1925, article 20
101. ^ www.honours.gov.uk summary of the Orders of Chivalry. The post-nominal letters are not mentioned in the Statutes of the Order
102. ^ Statutes 1925, article 28
103. ^ Statutes 1725 art 3
104. ^ Risk, p30
105. ^ Statutes 1847, article 26
106. ^ Statutes 1925, article 30
107. ^ London Gazette: no. 46561, p. 5731, 2 May 1975. Retrieved on 2008-06-25.
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Order of the Bath
CB military badge.jpg
Badge of a Companion of the Order of the Bath (Military Division)
Awarded by the Queen of the United Kingdom
Type
Motto TRIA IUNCTA IN UNO
ICH DIEN (Military division)
Awarded for At the monarch's pleasure
Status Currently constituted
Sovereign Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Grades (w/ post-nominals) Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross
Knight Commander or Dame Commander
Companion
Former grades Knight Companion
Established 18 May 1725
Precedence
Next (higher) Order of St Patrick
Next (lower) Order of the Star of India
Order of the Bath UK ribbon.png
Ribbon bar of the Order of the Bath
The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath)[1] is a British order of chivalry founded by George I on 18 May 1725.[2] The name derives from the medieval ceremony for creating a knight, which involved bathing (as a symbol of purification) as one of its elements. The knights so created were known as Knights of the Bath.[3] George I "erected the Knights of the Bath into a regular Military Order".[4] He did not (as is often stated) revive the Order of the Bath, since it had never previously existed as an Order, in the sense of a body of knights who were governed by a set of statutes and whose numbers were replenished when vacancies occurred.[5][6]
The Order consists of the Sovereign (currently HM Queen Elizabeth II), the Great Master (currently HRH The Prince of Wales),[7] and three Classes of members:[8]
* Knight Grand Cross (GCB) or Dame Grand Cross (GCB)
* Knight Commander (KCB) or Dame Commander (DCB)
* Companion (CB)
Members belong to either the Civil or the Military Division.[9] Prior to 1815, the order had only a single class, Knights Companion (KB), which no longer exists.[10] Recipients of the Order are now usually senior military officers or senior civil servants.[11][12] Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members[13]
The Order of the Bath is the fourth-most senior of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick.[14] The last of the aforementioned Orders, which relates to Ireland, still exists but has been in disuse since the formation of the Irish Free State.[15]
Contents
[hide]
* 1 History
o 1.1 Knights of the Bath
o 1.2 Foundation of the Order
o 1.3 Restructuring in 1815
o 1.4 The Victorian era
o 1.5 The 20th century
* 2 Composition
o 2.1 Sovereign
o 2.2 Great Master
o 2.3 Members
o 2.4 Officers
* 3 Vestments and accoutrements
* 4 Chapel
* 5 Precedence and privileges
* 6 Revocation
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Knights of the Bath
A painting by Edmund Leighton depicting a fictional scene of a knight receiving the accolade
In the Middle Ages, knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the knight-to-be taking a bath (possibly symbolic of spiritual purification)[16] during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry. Clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight. He was then brought before the King, who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight-elect's heels, fastened a belt around his waist, then struck him on the neck (with either a hand or a sword), thus making him a knight.[17] It was this "accolade" which was the essential act in creating a knight, and a simpler ceremony developed, conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight-to-be on the shoulder with a sword,[18] or "dubbing" him, as is still done today. In the early medieval period the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families.[16]
From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399 the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions such as coronations, investitures of the Prince of Wales or royal Dukes, and royal weddings,[19] and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath.[16] Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661.[20]
From at least 1625,[21] and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria iuncta in uno (Latin for "Three joined in one"), and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval.[22] These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear. The 'three joined in one' may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland and either France or Ireland, which were held (or claimed in the case of France) by British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge.[23] Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity.[11] Nicolas quotes a source (although he is sceptical of it) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina iuncta in uno, (three powers/gods joined in one), but from the reign of James I the word numina was dropped and the motto understood to mean Tria [regna] iuncta in uno (three kingdoms joined in one).[24]
[edit] Foundation of the Order
The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, England's highest heraldic officer. Sir Anthony Wagner, a recent holder of the office of Garter, wrote of Anstis's motivations:
It was Martin Leake's[25] opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded, he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense. It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal, which was not hard, their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established, but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry, which can by no means have been easy, considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office ... The main object of Anstis's next move, the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured, of ingratiating him with the all-powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole.[26]
Sir Robert Walpole, the first Prime Minister, who used the Order of the Bath as a source of political patronage
The use of honours in the early 18th century differed considerably from the modern honours system in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. The only honours available at that time were hereditary (not life) peerages and baronetcies, knighthoods and the Order of the Garter (or the Order of the Thistle for Scots), none of which were awarded in large numbers (the Garter and the Thistle are limited to 24 and 16 living members respectively.) The political environment was also significantly different from today:
The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century. The Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, but the choice remained his. The leader of an administration still had to command the King's personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, and other marks of Royal favour to the government's supporters.[27]
The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position.[28] George I having agreed to Walpole's proposal, Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath. As noted above, he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath, as well as the colour of the riband and mantle, and the ceremony for creating a knight. The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter, of which he was an officer (as Garter King of Arms).[29] The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated 18 May 1725, and the statutes issued the following week.[30][31]
The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign, a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight, a Great Master and thirty-five Knights Companion.[32] Seven officers (see below) were attached to the Order. These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage, as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master, supported by fees from the knights. Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order, only a few military officers were among the initial appointments (see List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath). They may be broken down into categories as follows (note that some are classified in more than one category):[33]
* Members of the House of Commons: 14
* The Royal Household or sinecures: 11
* Diplomats: 4
* The Walpole family, including the Prime Minister: 3
* Naval and Army Officers: 3
* Irish Peers: 2
* Country gentlemen with Court Appointments: 2
Admiral George Rodney (appointed a Knight Companion in 1780) wearing the riband and star of the Order
The majority of the new Knights Companion were knighted by the King and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725.[34] Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights, this was not performed, and indeed was possibly never intended to be, as the original statutes contained a provision[35] allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements. The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation, which was performed in the Order's Chapel, the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey, on June 17. This precedent was followed until 1812, after which the Installation was also dispensed with, until its revival in the twentieth century.[36] The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847.[37]
Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political, from the 1770s appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval, military or diplomatic achievements. This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period.[38][20] The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war, who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes, and whose number was not subject to any restrictions.[39] Another statute, this one issued some 80 years earlier, had also added a military note to the Order. Each knight was required, under certain circumstances, to supply and support four men-at-arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year, to serve in any part of Great Britain.[40] This company was to be captained by the Great Master, who had to supply four trumpeters, and was also to appoint eight officers for this body, however the statute was never invoked.[34]
[edit] Restructuring in 1815
In 1815, with the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Prince Regent (later George IV) expanded the Order of the Bath "to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order, and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity, accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned."[10]
The Order was now to consist of three classes: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander, and Companions. The existing Knights Companion (of which there were 60)[41] became Knight Grand Cross; this class was limited to 72 members, of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services. The military members had to be of the rank of at least Major-General or Rear Admiral. The Knights Commander were limited to 180, exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions, up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander. They had to be of the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel or Post-Captain. The number of Companions was not specified, but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803. A list of about 500 names was subsequently published.[42] Two further officers were appointed, an "Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commanders and Companions", and a "Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions"[10] The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order.[11]
[edit] The Victorian era
In 1847 Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order. As well as removing the word 'Military' from the full name of the Order, this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments, and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established. New numerical limits were imposed, and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order.[43][44] The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual, however they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony, conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order, attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible, in their Mantles.[45]
In 1859 a further edition of the Statutes was issued; the changes related mainly to the costs associated with the Order. Prior to this date it had been the policy that the insignia (which were provided by the Crown) were to be returned on the death of the holder; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership. In addition foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds, whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars. The decision was made to award silver stars to all members, and only require the return of the Collar. The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war. The fees were abolished and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value. The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished, and those of Registrar and Secretary combined.[46]
[edit] The 20th century
Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Johns in his dress uniform, wearing the star, riband and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
In 1910, after his accession to the throne, George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony,[20] perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George, held a few years earlier,[47] and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911.[48]
The Installation ceremony took place on 22 July 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel,[49][50] and Installations have been held at regular intervals since.
Prior to the 1913 Installation it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members. An appeal was made to the members of the Order, and following the Installation a surplus remained. A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the 'Bath Chapel Fund', and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones.[51]
Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925, to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision.[52]
Women were admitted to the Order in 1971.[20] In 1975, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, an aunt of Elizabeth II, became the first to reach the highest rank, Dame Grand Cross.[20] Princess Alice (whose maiden name was Lady Alice Douglas-Montagu-Scott) was a direct descendant of the Order's first Great Master,[53] and her husband, who had died the previous year, had also held that office.
Senior civil servants, such as permanent secretaries, and senior members of the armed forces, such as generals, are often appointed to the order. Civil servants associated with the Foreign Office, including ambassadors, are usually appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George.
[edit] Composition
[edit] Sovereign
The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath. As with all honours except those in the Sovereign's personal gift,[54] the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government.
[edit] Great Master
Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, Great Master 1843–1861. During the nineteenth century, Knights Grand Cross wore their mantles over imitations of seventeenth century dress. They now wear them over contemporary attire.
The next-most senior member of the Order is the Great Master, of which there have been nine:
* 1725–1749: John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu[55][56]
* 1749–1767: (vacant)
* 1767–1827: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
* 1827–1830: Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV)
* 1830–1837: (vacant)
* 1837–1843: Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex[57][58]
* 1843–1861: Albert, Prince Consort[59][60]
* 1861–1897: (vacant)
* 1897–1901: Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII)[61]
* 1901–1942: Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn[62]
* 1942–1974: Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester[63]
* 1974–present: Charles, Prince of Wales.[7]
Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal, as the Principal Knight Companion, ranked next after the sovereign.[64] This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847.[65] The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or "some other exalted personage"; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes.[9]
[edit] Members
The statutes also provide for the following:[20]
* 120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross (GCB) (of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal)
* 355 Knights Commander (KCB) or Dames Commander (DCB)
* 1,925 Companions (CB)
Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries of which the Queen is Sovereign. Members appointed to the Civil Division must "by their personal services to [the] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited ... royal favour."[66] Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the rank of the individual. GCBs must hold the rank of Rear Admiral, Major General or Air Vice Marshal.[13] KCBs must hold the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy, Colonel in the Army or Royal Marines, or Group Captain in the Royal Air Force.[67] CBs must be of the rank of Lieutenant Commander, Major or Squadron Leader, and in addition must have been mentioned in despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation. Non-line officers (e.g. engineers, medics) may be appointed only for meritorious service in war time.[68]
Warrant appointing Italian Captain (later Admiral) Ernesto Burzagli as an honorary Companion of the Order
Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the Queen and foreigners may be made Honorary Members.[69] Queen Elizabeth II has established the custom of awarding an honorary GCB to visiting heads of state, for example Gustav Heinemann (in 1972),[70] Ronald Reagan (in 1989), Lech Wałęsa (in 1991),[20] Fernando Henrique Cardoso, George H. W. Bush (in 1993),[71] Nicolas Sarkozy in March 2008,[72] Turkish President Abdullah Gül,[73] Slovenian President Dr Danilo Türk[74] and most recently Mexican President Felipe Calderón.[75] Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order, for example Georgy Zhukov,[76] Dwight D. Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur during World War II,[77] and Norman Schwarzkopf[78] and Colin Powell[79] after the Gulf War. A more controversial member of the Order was Robert Mugabe, whose honour was stripped by the Queen, on the advice of Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, on 25 June 2008 as "as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided."[80]
Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class.[81] In addition the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances.[82]
[edit] Officers
The Order of the Bath now has six officers:[83]
* the Dean: John Robert Hall
* the King of Arms: Gen. Sir Brian Kenny[84]
* the Registrar and Secretary: R-Adm. Iain Henderson[85][86]
* the Deputy Secretary: Lt-Col. Alexander Matheson, younger, of Matheson
* the Genealogist: Peter Gwynn-Jones[87]
* the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod: Maj-Gen. Charles Vyvyan[85][86]
The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster. The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry, is known as the Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms, like many heralds. The Order's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod) perform any duties in the House of Lords.
There were originally seven officers, each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment and annually thereafter. The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859.[46] The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time, but revived in 1913.[88] The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859, although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century.[89] An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815,[10] but abolished in 1847.[90] The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925.
Under the Hanoverian kings certain of the officers also held heraldic office. The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist, Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher, and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales.[91] This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master, while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life.[92]
[edit] Vestments and accoutrements
Representation of the star of the Order (civil division).
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the civil division of the order.
Mantle of the Order.
The insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the military division of the order.
Members of the Order wear elaborate costumes on important occasions (such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations), which vary by rank:
The mantle, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of crimson satin lined with white taffeta. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels.[93]
The hat, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander, is made of black velvet; it includes an upright plume of feathers.[94]
The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and weighs 30 troy ounces (933 g). It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers (roses for England, thistles for Scotland and shamrocks for Ireland), connected by seventeen silver knots.[93]
On lesser occasions, simpler insignia are used: The star is used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. Its style varies by rank and division; it is worn pinned to the left breast:
The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight-pointed silver star; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters. The circle is flanked by two laurel branches and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien (older German for "I serve") in gold letters.[93]
The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight-pointed silver star, without the Maltese cross; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars, except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded.[93]
The badge varies in design, size and manner of wearing by rank and division. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross' badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander's badge, which is in turn larger than the Companion's badge;[95] however, these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip.[93] Knights Commander and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck. Dames Commander and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side:
The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points, enamelled in white. Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball; each angle has a small figure of a lion. The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side. Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order, which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches, above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters.[93]
The civil badge is a plain gold oval, bearing three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order.[93]
On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or eveningwear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar.[93]
The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners. All other insignia may be retained by their owners.[93]
[edit] Chapel
Westminster Abbey with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749.
The Chapel of the Order is Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey.[96] Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, and a religious service are held in the Chapel; the Sovereign attends every alternate ceremony. The last such service was in May 2006 and was attended by the Sovereign.[20] The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel. Since there are a limited number of stalls in the Chapel, only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed. A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB, and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs.[96] Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long; for instance, Marshal of the Air Force Lord Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984, but was not installed until 2006.[20]
Above each stall, the occupant's heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank (if she is a peer or member of the Royal family) is used.[96]
Above the crest or coronet, the knight's or dame's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order.
Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights (and now Dames) throughout history.
When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815 the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel.[10] This was never implemented (despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees) primarily due to lack of space,[97] although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member's name, date of nomination, and (for the two higher classes) optionally the coat of arms.[98]
[edit] Precedence and privileges
Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence.[99] Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.)
Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix "Sir," and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix "Dame," to their forenames.[100] Wives of Knights may prefix "Lady" to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood.
Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCB"; Knights Commander use "KCB"; Dames Commander use "DCB"; Companions use "CB".[101]
Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters.[102] Furthermore, they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a red circle bearing the motto) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter.
Knights and Dames Commander and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, around their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with "two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien", as appears on the badge.
[edit] Revocation
It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Under the 1725 statutes the grounds for this were heresy, high treason, or fleeing from battle out of cowardice. Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting. It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to "pluck down the escocheon [i.e. stallplate] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel" with "all the usual marks of infamy".[103] Only two people were ever degraded — Lord Cochrane in 1813 and General Sir Eyre Coote in 1816, both for political reasons, rather than any of the grounds given in the statute. Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated, but Coote died a few years after his degradation.[104]
Under Queen Victoria's 1847 statutes a member "convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman, or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time, shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign". The Sovereign was to be the sole judge, and also had the power to restore such members.[105]
The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled, and the entry in the register erased, by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order, on the recommendation of the appropriate Minister. Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed.[106]
William Pottinger, a senior civil servant, lost both his Companionship of the Order of the Bath and CVO in 1975 when he was gaoled for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson.[107]
Romanian president Nicolae Ceauşescu was stripped of his honorary GCB by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 December 1989.
Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe, was stripped of his honorary GCB by the Queen, on the advice of Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, on 25 June 2008 as "as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided."
[edit] See also
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For people who have been appointed to the Order of the Bath, see the following categories:
* Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
* List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
* Category:Knights of the Bath
* Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath
* List of people who have declined a British honour
* List of revocations of appointments to orders and awarded decorations and medals of the United Kingdom
[edit] Notes
1. ^ The word 'Military' was removed from the name by Queen Victoria in 1847. Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847
2. ^ Statutes 1725, although Risk says 11 May
3. ^ Anstis, Observations, p4
4. ^ Letters patent dated 18 May 1725, quoted in Statutes 1725
5. ^ Wagner, Heralds of England, p 357, referring to John Anstis, who proposed the Order, says: "He had the happy inspiration of reviving this ancient name and chivalric associations, but attaching it, as it never had been before, to an Order or company of knights."
6. ^ Perkins, The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, p1 "It can scarcely be claimed that a properly constituted Order existed at any time during the preceding centuries [prior to the reign of Charles II]"
7. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 46428, p. 12559, 10 December 1974. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
8. ^ Statutes 1925, article 2
9. ^ a b Statutes 1925, article 5
10. ^ a b c d e London Gazette: no. 16972, pp. 17–20, 4 January 1815. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
11. ^ a b c "www.royal.gov.uk article on the Order of the Bath as part of the Honours System". http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4883.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
12. ^ Statutes 1925, articles 8–12
13. ^ a b Statutes 1925, article 8
14. ^ See, for example, the order of wear for orders and decorations, the Royal Warrant defining precedence in Scotland (London Gazette: no. 27774, pp. 2012–2014, 14 March 1905. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.) or the discussion of precedence at http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm
15. ^ "www.royal.gov.uk article on the Order of St Patrick". http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page4880.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
16. ^ a b c Risk, History of the Order of the Bath, p6
17. ^ The Manner of making Knights after the custom of England in time of peace and at the Coronation, that is Knights of the Bath, quoted in Perkins, pp 5–14
18. ^ According to Anstis (Observations, p73) such knights were sometimes known as Knights of the Sword or Knights of the Carpet
19. ^ Anstis, p66
20. ^ a b c d e f g h i "www.royal.gov.uk feature article on the Order of the Bath". http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5296.asp. Retrieved 2006-09-09.
21. ^ Risk, p114
22. ^ Nicolas, History of the orders of knighthood of the British empire, p38–9
23. ^ The later usage by the Order of the Bath does not make things any clearer. The presence of the rose, thistle and shamrock (symbols of England, Scotland and Ireland respectively) in the Collar supports the above claim. The shamrocks however were not added until the 19th century, probably as a result of a suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, who in his proposal observed that the presence of the shamrock would "greatly augment the meaning of the motto" (Risk, p 115). A further explanation for the crowns is provided in the 1725 statutes of the Order. The coat of arms which was to appear on the Order's seal (Azure three imperial crowns Or, that is, three gold imperial crowns on a blue background) was described as being anciently attributed to King Arthur.
24. ^ Nicolas, p 38, quoting Bishop Kennet Register and Chronicle Ecclesiastical and Civil from the Restoration of King Charles II faithfully taken from the manuscripts of the Lord Bishop of Peterborough, (1728) p410
25. ^ Garter King of Arms from 1754 to 1773, and an officer of arms for some 25 years before that
26. ^ Wagner, pp348, 357
27. ^ Risk, p2
28. ^ In the words of his son, Horace Walpole, "The Revival of the Order of the Bath was a measure of Sir Robert Walpole, and was an artful bank of favours in lieu of places. He meant to stave off the demand for Garters, and intended that the Red [i.e. the Order of the Bath] should be a step to the Blue [the Order of the Garter]; and accordingly took one of the former for himself." Horace Walpole, Reminiscences (1788)
29. ^ Nicolas, p237–8, Footnote
30. ^ Risk, p4
31. ^ Statutes 1725
32. ^ Statutes 1725, article 2
33. ^ Risk, p15,16
34. ^ a b Risk, p16
35. ^ Statutes 1725, article 6, the same article which state "[the Great Master shall] take especial care that ... the antient Rituals belonging to this Knighthood be observed with the greatest Exactness"
36. ^ No Installation had been held between 1812 and the coronation of George IV in 1821, by which time the number of knights exceeded the number of stalls in the chapel. To allow the knights to wear their collars at the coronation (which they could not do until installed) they were dispensed from the Installation, and this precedent was subsequently followed. (Risk, p43)
37. ^ Risk, p10
38. ^ Risk, p20
39. ^ Statute dated 8 May 1812, quoted in Statutes 1847
40. ^ Statute dated 20 April 1727, quoted in Statutes 1847
41. ^ The Times, 10 January 1815, p3
42. ^ London Gazette: no. 17061, pp. 1877–1882, 16 September 1815. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
43. ^ Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847
44. ^ The document by which the Prince Regent modified the structure of the Order in 1815 was a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual. This is of lesser authority than Letters Patent under the Great Seal, by which the Order and its Statutes were originally established. It had been questioned on a number of occasions whether the Statutes of the Order could be modified by anything less than such Letters Patent. The 1847 Letters Patent retroactively confirmed the validity of the 1815 document and the subsequent appointments to the Order
45. ^ Risk, p61
46. ^ a b Risk, p70
47. ^ Risk, p89
48. ^ Perkins, p122
49. ^ Risk, p92
50. ^ Perkins, p124–131
51. ^ Risk, p95–6
52. ^ 16 in Queen Victoria's reign, 6 in Edward VII's and 19 in George V's. (Risk, p97)
53. ^ Risk, p102
54. ^ The Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order
55. ^ London Gazette: no. 6376, p. 1, 25 May 1725. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
56. ^ Nicolas, Appendix p. lxx gives the first four Great Masters, although he considers the latter three to have only been acting Great Masters
57. ^ London Gazette: no. 19570, p. 3309, 19 December 1837. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
58. ^ London Gazette: no. 19592, p. 407, 23 February 1838. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
59. ^ Prince Albert was appointed acting Great Master sometime in 1843, and the appointment was made substantive by the 1847 Statutes, article 4. Risk says that he was appointed acting Great Master on March 31, 1843, however The Times, reporting the death of the Duke of Sussex (22 April 1843, pp4–5) says that the office of acting Great Master became vacant on his death. At any rate when the executors of the Duke of Sussex delivered his insignia together with the seal and statutes to the Queen on 20 June (The Times, 21 June 1843, p6) Prince Albert was then acting Great Master.
60. ^ London Gazette: no. 20737, pp. 1947–1957, 25 May 1847. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
61. ^ The Times, 22 June 1897, p10
62. ^ London Gazette: no. 27289, p. 1414, 26 February 1901. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
63. ^ The Times, 25 February 1942, p7
64. ^ Statutes 1725, article 4
65. ^ Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847
66. ^ Statutes 1925, article 9
67. ^ Statutes 1925, article 10
68. ^ Statutes 1925, article 12
69. ^ Statutes 1925, article 15
70. ^ The Times, 25 October 1972, p21
71. ^ The Times, 1 December 1993, p24
72. ^ Samuel, Henry (2008-03-27). "Nicolas Sarkozy awarded honorary title". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/27/nsarkozy327.xml. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
73. ^ "Queen cherishes UK-Turkey ties" (in Turkish). Turkish Daily News. http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=104527. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
74. ^ "Queen begins state visit to Slovenia". BBC. 2008-10-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7681244.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
75. ^ "Mexico takes back its leadership in Latin America: Calderón" (in Spanish). Milenio. http://www.milenio.com/node/192264. Retrieved 2009-03-31.
76. ^ The Times, Issue 50193; 13 July 1945; pg. 4; col A
77. ^ The Times, 27 May 1943, p4
78. ^ The Times, 21 May 1991
79. ^ Branigan, Tania (2004-05-12). "Colin Powell claims Scottish coat of arms". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/may/12/usa.world. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
80. ^ "Queen strips Robert Mugabe of knighthood in 'revulsion' at violence". The Times. 2008-06-25. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4213800.ece. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
81. ^ Statutes 1925, article 18
82. ^ "In the event of any future wars or of any action or services civil or military meriting peculiar honour and reward...to increase the numbers in any of the said classes and in any of the said divisions". Statutes 1925, article 17
83. ^ Court Circular, 17 May 2006
84. ^ London Gazette: no. 55568, p. 8229, 30 July 1999. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
85. ^ a b Court Circular, 13 June 2006
86. ^ a b London Gazette: no. 58010, p. 8073, 13 June 2006. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.
87. ^ London Gazette: no. 54193, p. 14335, 24 October 1995. Retrieved on 2007-12-21.
88. ^ Risk, p93
89. ^ Risk, pp13, 70
90. ^ Statutes 1847, article 15
91. ^ Statute dated 17 January 1726 (according to Risk, p14). Both the 1812 and 1847 editions of the Statutes give the date as 17 January 1725, but this is most probably a misprint since the Order was not founded until May 1725, and the additional statute also specified the office holders by name.
92. ^ Risk, p14
93. ^ a b c d e f g h i Statutes 1925, article 23
94. ^ The hat was formerly of white satin (Statutes 1725, article 8), but was changed to black velvet at the command of George IV for his coronation (Nicolas, p198). The hat is not explicitly specified in the 1847 or 1925 statutes
95. ^ Statutes 1925, articles 23,24,25
96. ^ a b c Statutes 1925, article 21
97. ^ Risk, p40
98. ^ Statutes 1847, article 18
99. ^ Statutes 1925, article 22
100. ^ Statutes 1925, article 20
101. ^ www.honours.gov.uk summary of the Orders of Chivalry. The post-nominal letters are not mentioned in the Statutes of the Order
102. ^ Statutes 1925, article 28
103. ^ Statutes 1725 art 3
104. ^ Risk, p30
105. ^ Statutes 1847, article 26
106. ^ Statutes 1925, article 30
107. ^ London Gazette: no. 46561, p. 5731, 2 May 1975. Retrieved on 2008-06-25.
Wednesday, May 27, 2009
Jiraiya
Jiraiya
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This article is about the folk ninja featured in Jiraiya Goketsu Monogatari. For the ninja of the same name featured in Naruto, see Jiraiya (Naruto). For the 1988's TV series, see Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya. For the cicada genus, see cicada.
Jiraiya , with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge Snake which has preyed on his friends the Toads.
Jiraiya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by Yoshitoshi.
Jiraiya (児雷也 - literally "young thunder"), the title character of the Japanese folktale Jiraiya Goketsu Monogatari (児雷也豪傑物語, "The tale of the gallant Jiraiya"), is a ninja who uses shapeshifting magic to morph into a gigantic toad. The heir of a powerful clan in Kyūshū of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with Tsunade, a beautiful young princess who masters snail magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower, Orochimaru, who mastered snake magic.
[edit] Influences on Fiction
* In the first game of the Tengai Makyou series, Tengai Makyō: Ziria for the PC-Engine console, Jiraiya's name is spelled Ziria. He's a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a kodachi sword and has a pet frog which grows several times its size when Ziria summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the archenemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a naginata and snake magic. These characters all returned in a spin-off fighting game called Kabuki Klash for the Neo-Geo.
* Akimitsu Takagi's detective novel The Tattoo Murder Case uses the character representations in tattoos worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.
* In Naruto, a popular manga and anime television series, Jiraiya appears in the series as a ninja with the ability to summon giant toads. Along with the series' versions of Tsunade and Orochimaru, he is part of a trio of legendary ninja known as the Sannin. Furthermore, the anime episode depicting his demise is called "The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya."
* In the tokusatsu movie The Magic Serpent, Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) was the protagonist. He and his arch-nemesis Orochimaru transform into two daikaiju, a toad and Oriental dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death.
* In the tokusatsu superhero series Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya, Jiraiya is the protagonist of the series. A Japanese professional wrestler uses the Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya character appearance as his gimmick.
* One of the five characters in the Super Sentai series Ninja Sentai Kakuranger is named Jiraiya who becomes NinjaBlack. Fittingly, as each Kakuranger is associated with an animal, Jiraiya uses toad based mecha.
* In the video game Persona 4, Yousuke Hanamura's Persona is a cartoony Jiraiya in a disco costume.
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the folk ninja featured in Jiraiya Goketsu Monogatari. For the ninja of the same name featured in Naruto, see Jiraiya (Naruto). For the 1988's TV series, see Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya. For the cicada genus, see cicada.
Jiraiya , with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge Snake which has preyed on his friends the Toads.
Jiraiya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by Yoshitoshi.
Jiraiya (児雷也 - literally "young thunder"), the title character of the Japanese folktale Jiraiya Goketsu Monogatari (児雷也豪傑物語, "The tale of the gallant Jiraiya"), is a ninja who uses shapeshifting magic to morph into a gigantic toad. The heir of a powerful clan in Kyūshū of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with Tsunade, a beautiful young princess who masters snail magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower, Orochimaru, who mastered snake magic.
[edit] Influences on Fiction
* In the first game of the Tengai Makyou series, Tengai Makyō: Ziria for the PC-Engine console, Jiraiya's name is spelled Ziria. He's a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a kodachi sword and has a pet frog which grows several times its size when Ziria summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the archenemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a naginata and snake magic. These characters all returned in a spin-off fighting game called Kabuki Klash for the Neo-Geo.
* Akimitsu Takagi's detective novel The Tattoo Murder Case uses the character representations in tattoos worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.
* In Naruto, a popular manga and anime television series, Jiraiya appears in the series as a ninja with the ability to summon giant toads. Along with the series' versions of Tsunade and Orochimaru, he is part of a trio of legendary ninja known as the Sannin. Furthermore, the anime episode depicting his demise is called "The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya."
* In the tokusatsu movie The Magic Serpent, Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) was the protagonist. He and his arch-nemesis Orochimaru transform into two daikaiju, a toad and Oriental dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death.
* In the tokusatsu superhero series Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya, Jiraiya is the protagonist of the series. A Japanese professional wrestler uses the Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya character appearance as his gimmick.
* One of the five characters in the Super Sentai series Ninja Sentai Kakuranger is named Jiraiya who becomes NinjaBlack. Fittingly, as each Kakuranger is associated with an animal, Jiraiya uses toad based mecha.
* In the video game Persona 4, Yousuke Hanamura's Persona is a cartoony Jiraiya in a disco costume.
Tuesday, May 26, 2009
Cherry blossom
Cherry blossom
(Redirected from Sakura)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Sakura" redirects here. For other uses, see Sakura (disambiguation).
"Cherry Blossom" redirects here. For other uses, see Cherry Blossom (disambiguation).
Sakura at Fukushima
Sakura at Tokyo Imperial Palace
Sakura within a field of Phlox subulata at Yachounomori Garden in Tatebayashi, Gunma
A cherry blossom is the name for the flower of cherry trees known as Sakura (Japanese kanji : 桜 or 櫻; hiragana: さくら) in Japanese. In English, the word "sakura" is equivalent to the Japanese flowering cherry.[1][2] Cherry fruit (known in Japanese as sakuranbo) comes from another species of tree.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Natural history
* 2 Flower viewing
* 3 Symbolism
* 4 Varieties
* 5 Cherry blossom in other countries
o 5.1 Canada
o 5.2 Germany
o 5.3 Philippines
o 5.4 South Korea
o 5.5 United Kingdom
o 5.6 United States
* 6 Culinary use
* 7 Gallery
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 10 External links
[edit] Natural history
Cherry Blossoms are indigenous to many Asian states including Japan, Korea, China. Japan has a wide variety of cherry blossoms (sakura); well over 200 cultivars can be found there.[3]
[edit] Flower viewing
Main article: Hanami
During the Heian Period (794–1191), Japanese sought to emulate many practices from China,[citation needed] including the social phenomenon of flower viewing (hanami: 花見), where the imperial households, poets, singers and other aristocrats would gather and celebrate under the blossoms. In Japan, cherry trees were planted and cultivated for their beauty, for the adornment of the grounds of the nobility of Kyoto, at least as early as 794.[4] In China, the ume "plum" tree (actually a species of apricot) was held in highest regard, but by the middle of the ninth century, the cherry blossom had replaced the plum as the favored species in Japan.[citation needed]
Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from 36 Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige.
Every year the Japanese Meteorological Agency and the public track the sakura zensen (cherry-blossom front) as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs. The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the end of March or the beginning of April. It proceeds into areas at the higher altitudes and northward, arriving in Hokkaidō a few weeks later. Japanese pay close attention to these forecasts and turn out in large numbers at parks, shrines, and temples with family and friends to hold flower-viewing parties. Hanami festivals celebrate the beauty of the cherry blossom and for many are a chance to relax and enjoy the beautiful view. The custom of hanami dates back many centuries in Japan: the eighth-century chronicle Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) records hanami festivals being held as early as the third century CE.
Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees outside of them. Since the fiscal and school year both begin in April, in many parts of Honshū, the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season.
[edit] Symbolism
A 100 yen coin depicting Cherry Blossom
In Japan cherry blossoms also symbolize clouds due to their nature of blooming en masse, besides being an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life,[5] an aspect of Japanese cultural tradition that is often associated with Buddhistic influence,[6] and which is embodied in the concept of mono no aware.[7] The association of the cherry blossom with mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga.[7] The transience of the blossoms, the extreme beauty and quick death, has often been associated with mortality;[5] for this reason, cherry blossoms are richly symbolic, and have been utilized often in Japanese art, manga, anime, and film, as well as at musical performances for ambient effect. The band Kagrra, which is associated with the visual kei movement, is an example of this latter phenomenon. There is at least one popular folk song, originally meant for the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), titled "Sakura", and several pop songs. The flower is also represented on all manner of consumer goods in Japan, including kimono, stationery, and dishware.
Cherry blossom is an omen of good fortune and is also an emblem of love, affection and represents spring. Cherry blossoms are an enduring metaphor for the fleeting nature of life, and as such are frequently depicted in art.[citation needed]
At Himeji Castle Japan
During World War II, the cherry blossom was used to motivate the Japanese people, to stoke nationalism and militarism among the populace.[8][9] Japanese pilots would paint them on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission, or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions.[8] A cherry blossom painted on the side of the bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life;[10] in this way, the aesthetic association was altered such that falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor.[8] The government even encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms.[8]
In its colonial enterprises, imperial Japan often planted cherry trees as a means of "claiming occupied territory as Japanese space".[9]
[edit] Varieties
* Prunus serrulata
* Prunus speciosa
* Prunus × yedoensis
* Prunus sargentii
The most popular variety of sakura in Japan is the Somei Yoshino. Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged with the palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fall within a week, before the leaves come out. Therefore, the trees look nearly white from top to bottom. The variety takes its name from the village of Somei (now part of Toshima in Tokyo). It was developed in the mid- to late-19th century at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period. The Somei Yoshino is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often depict the variety in the Edo period or earlier; such depictions are anachronisms.
Winter sakura (fuyuzakura/Prunus subhirtella autumnalis) begins to bloom in the fall and continues blooming sporadically throughout the winter. It is said to be a cross between Tokyo Higan cherry (edohiganzakura/P. incisa) and Mamezakura/P. pendula.[11]
Other categories include yamazakura, yaezakura, and shidarezakura. The yaezakura have large flowers, thick with rich pink petals. The shidarezakura, or weeping cherry, has branches that fall like those of a weeping willow, bearing cascades of pink flowers.
[edit] Cherry blossom in other countries
[edit] Canada
Vancouver, BC is famous for its thousands of cherry blossom trees lining many streets and in many parks, including Queen Elizabeth Park and Stanley Park. Vancouver holds the annual Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival every year. [2] High Park in Toronto, ON features many Somei-Yoshino cherry trees (the earliest species to bloom and much loved by the Japanese for their fluffy white flowers) that were given to Toronto by Japan in 1959. Through the Sakura Project, the Japanese Embassy donated a further 34 cherry trees to High Park in 2001, plus cherry trees to various other locations like Exhibition Place, McMaster University, York University and the University of Toronto's main and Scarborough campuses.
[edit] Germany
The cherry blossom is a major tourist attraction in Germany's Altes Land orchard region.
[edit] Philippines
A province in Western Philippines, Palawan, serves as home to an endemic Palawan Cherry Blossoms, which appears to resemble that of Japan's, thus the name.
[edit] South Korea
Watching of cherry blossom was introduced to Korea during Japanese rule.[12][13][14] The festivals continued even after the Japanese surrendered in WWII. "In 1933, the Japanese botanist Koizumi Genichi reported that the Japanese Sakura (Somei Yoshino) is of Jeju-do island origin.[15] In 1992, Takaki Kiyoko[who?], another botanist specializing in sakura, also claimed that the Yoshino sakura hails from Jeju Island. According to Invest Korea journal, more evidence supporting this claim is that while this species of cherry tree is indigenous to Korea and can be found as part of the natural flora of Mount Halla, it cannot be found anywhere in Japan".[16] However, this claim did not become the mainstream of botanists. In 1916, Ernest Henry Wilson insisted on "Japanese Sakura (Somei Yoshino)" was a crossbreed of the wild species of Japanese Sakura ("Edo higan" and "Oshima sakura").[17] In 1991, Professor of Tsukuba University Iwasaki Fumio reported that "Japanese Sakura (Somei Yoshino) were born in around 1720-1735 by the artificial crossing in Edo (Tokyo)."[18] Recent studies conducted on the comparison of Korean and Japanese cherry blossoms by botanist concluded that the two trees can be categorized as distinct species when analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA in 2007.[19] Further studies are ongoing. This lead Japan to develop many theories on how and where the cultivated hybrids came to be but its origin is still obscure.[20] Scientia Horiculturae volume 114 states cherry blossoms "that grows under natural environments in Jeju, Korea and of Yoshino cherry hybrids that grows only in cultivated conditions in Japan".[21][22] Certain trees at Seoul's Gyeongbok Palace were cut down to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Japanese surrender in World War II.[9] Although Cherry blossoms are already indigenous to Korea, Japan had planted these tree on sacred and offensive locations in the Palace. Once the offensive trees were cut down the festival continued with the indigenous trees. The cherry blossom festival at Gyeongbok Palace is one of a number of such festivals across Korea and is prominently advertised to tourists.[23]
[edit] United Kingdom
Batsford Arboretum in Gloucestershire holds the national collection of Japanese village cherries, sato-sakura group.[24][25]
[edit] United States
Japan gave 3,020 cherry blossom trees as a gift to the United States in 1912 to celebrate the nations' then-growing friendship[26]. These trees were planted in Sakura Park in Manhattan and famously line the shore of the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. (see West Potomac Park), and the gift was renewed with another 3,800 trees in 1965.[27] The cherry blossom trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction (and the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival) when they reach full bloom in early spring. Also, Balboa Park of San Diego has 2,000 cherry blossom trees that blossom in mid to late March. The trees are located on Balboa Boulevard in Van Nuys. Philadelphia is also home to over 2000 flowering Japanese cherry trees, half of which were a gift from the Japanese government in 1926 in honor of the 150th anniversary of American independence, with the other half planted by the Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia between 1998 and 2007. Philadelphia's cherry blossoms are located within Fairmount Park, and the annual Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia celebrates the blooming trees. The University of Washington in Seattle also has cherry blossoms in its Quad.
Other US cities have an annual Cherry Blossom Festival (or Sakura Matsuri), including the International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon, Georgia, which features over 300,000 cherry trees. Belleville, Bloomfield, and Newark, New Jersey celebrate the annual Branch Brook Park Cherry Blossom Festival in April, which attracts thousands of visitors from the local area, Japan, and India. As of April 2009, Branch Brook Park has a cherry tree collection with over 4,000 cherry blossoms in more than fourteen different varieties.[28] Branch Brook Park will soon have more flowering cherry trees than Washington, D.C., thanks to an ongoing replanting program. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York City also has a large, well-attended festival.
[edit] Culinary use
pickled blossoms
pickled blossoms
A cup of sakurayu
A cup of sakurayu
Cherry blossoms and leaves are both edible and used as food ingredients in Japan. The blossoms are pickled in salt and umezu and used for coaxing out flavor in wagashi or anpan. Salt-pickled blossoms in hot water is called sakurayu and drunk at festive events like weddings in place of green tea. Leaves, mostly Ōshima cherry because of the softness, are also pickled in salted water and used for sakuramochi. Since the leaves contain coumarin, however, it is not recommend to eat them in great quantity.
[edit] Gallery
Cherry blossom in Washington, D.C.
Cherry blossom in Newark, New Jersey
Cherry blossom in the Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Southern Brazil
[edit] See also
* Prunus
* Kigo: discussion of the role of sakura in Japanese poetry
* Mono no aware
* Kabazaiku: sakura wood craftsmanship
* Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia
* Cherry
* The Cherry Orchard
[edit] Notes
1. ^ "sakura". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/unabridged?va=sakura. Retrieved 2008-04-02. "JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY".
2. ^ "japanese flowering cherry". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/unabridged?book=Third&va=japanese+flowering+cherry. Retrieved 2008-04-02. "any of certain ornamental hybrid cherries developed in Japan chiefly from two species (Prunus serrulata and P. sieboldii) that bear a profusion of white or pink usually double and often fragrant flowers followed by small inedible fruit...".
3. ^ Brandow Samuels, Gayle.
4. ^ Brandow Samuels, Gayle. Enduring Roots: Encounters with Trees, History and the American Landscape. 1999, page 76.
5. ^ a b Choy Lee, Khoon. Japan--between Myth and Reality. 1995, page 142.
6. ^ Young, John and Nakajima-Okano, Kimiko. Learn Japanese: New College Text. 1985, page 268.
7. ^ a b Slaymaker, Douglas. The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction. 2004, page 122.
8. ^ a b c d Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. 2002, page 9-10.
9. ^ a b c Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. 2002, page 122-3.
10. ^ Sakamoto, Kerri: One Hundred Million Hearts. Vintage Book, 2004. ISBN 0-676-97512-7.
11. ^ "Winter-flowering cherry", accessed 1 January, 2008.
12. ^ Born in war, saved in peace – the cherry blossoms that may die as friendship cools Times Online
13. ^ "몰락한 왕조 궁궐에 핀 사쿠라 일제는 갔어도 벚꽃놀이는 남아". 中央日報. http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?total_id=3576782. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
14. ^ "胸と肩に桜の花を挿して犠牲を誓う１８歳の操縦士". 中央日報. http://japanese.joins.com/article/article.php?aid=113981&servcode=100§code=140. Retrieved 2009-05-11. (Japanese)
15. ^ Koidzumi, G. Prunus yedoensis Matsum. is a native of Quelpaert. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 1:177, 1932
16. ^ http://www.investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/journal/content/content_main.jsp?code=4560408
17. ^ The Cherries of Japan (page 16) (1916).
18. ^ ソメイヨシノとその近縁種の野生状態とソメイヨシノの発生地. 筑波大農林研報 (1991), 3:95-110.
19. ^ "Characterization of Wild Prunus Yedoensis Analyzed by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat and Chloroplast DNA". United StatesDepartment of Agriculture. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=205306. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
20. ^ http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/54/5/207
21. ^ "Characterization of Wild Prunus Yedoensis Analyzed by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat and Chloroplast DNA". United StatesDepartment of Agriculture. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=205306. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
22. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TC3-4P7FHTX-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b18ded64a95960f2d7ceb5dd2e340f77
23. ^ [1]
24. ^ Batsford Arboretum
25. ^ NCCPG: Batsford Arboretum
26. ^ "nps.gov - Cherry Blossom History". http://www.nps.gov/cherry/cherry-blossom-history.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
27. ^ Jefferson, Roland M. and Alan F. Fusonie. (1977). "The Japanese Flowering Cherry Trees of Washington, D.C.: A Living Symbol of Friendship. National Arboretum Contribution No. 4." Washington: USDA, Agricultural Research Service.
28. ^ http://www.essex-countynj.org/blossom/flier09.pdf
(Redirected from Sakura)
Jump to: navigation, search
"Sakura" redirects here. For other uses, see Sakura (disambiguation).
"Cherry Blossom" redirects here. For other uses, see Cherry Blossom (disambiguation).
Sakura at Fukushima
Sakura at Tokyo Imperial Palace
Sakura within a field of Phlox subulata at Yachounomori Garden in Tatebayashi, Gunma
A cherry blossom is the name for the flower of cherry trees known as Sakura (Japanese kanji : 桜 or 櫻; hiragana: さくら) in Japanese. In English, the word "sakura" is equivalent to the Japanese flowering cherry.[1][2] Cherry fruit (known in Japanese as sakuranbo) comes from another species of tree.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Natural history
* 2 Flower viewing
* 3 Symbolism
* 4 Varieties
* 5 Cherry blossom in other countries
o 5.1 Canada
o 5.2 Germany
o 5.3 Philippines
o 5.4 South Korea
o 5.5 United Kingdom
o 5.6 United States
* 6 Culinary use
* 7 Gallery
* 8 See also
* 9 Notes
* 10 External links
[edit] Natural history
Cherry Blossoms are indigenous to many Asian states including Japan, Korea, China. Japan has a wide variety of cherry blossoms (sakura); well over 200 cultivars can be found there.[3]
[edit] Flower viewing
Main article: Hanami
During the Heian Period (794–1191), Japanese sought to emulate many practices from China,[citation needed] including the social phenomenon of flower viewing (hanami: 花見), where the imperial households, poets, singers and other aristocrats would gather and celebrate under the blossoms. In Japan, cherry trees were planted and cultivated for their beauty, for the adornment of the grounds of the nobility of Kyoto, at least as early as 794.[4] In China, the ume "plum" tree (actually a species of apricot) was held in highest regard, but by the middle of the ninth century, the cherry blossom had replaced the plum as the favored species in Japan.[citation needed]
Woodblock print of Mount Fuji and cherry blossom from 36 Views of Mount Fuji by Hiroshige.
Every year the Japanese Meteorological Agency and the public track the sakura zensen (cherry-blossom front) as it moves northward up the archipelago with the approach of warmer weather via nightly forecasts following the weather segment of news programs. The blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the end of March or the beginning of April. It proceeds into areas at the higher altitudes and northward, arriving in Hokkaidō a few weeks later. Japanese pay close attention to these forecasts and turn out in large numbers at parks, shrines, and temples with family and friends to hold flower-viewing parties. Hanami festivals celebrate the beauty of the cherry blossom and for many are a chance to relax and enjoy the beautiful view. The custom of hanami dates back many centuries in Japan: the eighth-century chronicle Nihon Shoki (日本書紀) records hanami festivals being held as early as the third century CE.
Most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees outside of them. Since the fiscal and school year both begin in April, in many parts of Honshū, the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season.
[edit] Symbolism
A 100 yen coin depicting Cherry Blossom
In Japan cherry blossoms also symbolize clouds due to their nature of blooming en masse, besides being an enduring metaphor for the ephemeral nature of life,[5] an aspect of Japanese cultural tradition that is often associated with Buddhistic influence,[6] and which is embodied in the concept of mono no aware.[7] The association of the cherry blossom with mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga.[7] The transience of the blossoms, the extreme beauty and quick death, has often been associated with mortality;[5] for this reason, cherry blossoms are richly symbolic, and have been utilized often in Japanese art, manga, anime, and film, as well as at musical performances for ambient effect. The band Kagrra, which is associated with the visual kei movement, is an example of this latter phenomenon. There is at least one popular folk song, originally meant for the shakuhachi (bamboo flute), titled "Sakura", and several pop songs. The flower is also represented on all manner of consumer goods in Japan, including kimono, stationery, and dishware.
Cherry blossom is an omen of good fortune and is also an emblem of love, affection and represents spring. Cherry blossoms are an enduring metaphor for the fleeting nature of life, and as such are frequently depicted in art.[citation needed]
At Himeji Castle Japan
During World War II, the cherry blossom was used to motivate the Japanese people, to stoke nationalism and militarism among the populace.[8][9] Japanese pilots would paint them on the sides of their planes before embarking on a suicide mission, or even take branches of the trees with them on their missions.[8] A cherry blossom painted on the side of the bomber symbolized the intensity and ephemerality of life;[10] in this way, the aesthetic association was altered such that falling cherry petals came to represent the sacrifice of youth in suicide missions to honor the emperor.[8] The government even encouraged the people to believe that the souls of downed warriors were reincarnated in the blossoms.[8]
In its colonial enterprises, imperial Japan often planted cherry trees as a means of "claiming occupied territory as Japanese space".[9]
[edit] Varieties
* Prunus serrulata
* Prunus speciosa
* Prunus × yedoensis
* Prunus sargentii
The most popular variety of sakura in Japan is the Somei Yoshino. Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged with the palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fall within a week, before the leaves come out. Therefore, the trees look nearly white from top to bottom. The variety takes its name from the village of Somei (now part of Toshima in Tokyo). It was developed in the mid- to late-19th century at the end of the Edo period and the beginning of the Meiji period. The Somei Yoshino is so widely associated with cherry blossoms that jidaigeki and other works of fiction often depict the variety in the Edo period or earlier; such depictions are anachronisms.
Winter sakura (fuyuzakura/Prunus subhirtella autumnalis) begins to bloom in the fall and continues blooming sporadically throughout the winter. It is said to be a cross between Tokyo Higan cherry (edohiganzakura/P. incisa) and Mamezakura/P. pendula.[11]
Other categories include yamazakura, yaezakura, and shidarezakura. The yaezakura have large flowers, thick with rich pink petals. The shidarezakura, or weeping cherry, has branches that fall like those of a weeping willow, bearing cascades of pink flowers.
[edit] Cherry blossom in other countries
[edit] Canada
Vancouver, BC is famous for its thousands of cherry blossom trees lining many streets and in many parks, including Queen Elizabeth Park and Stanley Park. Vancouver holds the annual Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival every year. [2] High Park in Toronto, ON features many Somei-Yoshino cherry trees (the earliest species to bloom and much loved by the Japanese for their fluffy white flowers) that were given to Toronto by Japan in 1959. Through the Sakura Project, the Japanese Embassy donated a further 34 cherry trees to High Park in 2001, plus cherry trees to various other locations like Exhibition Place, McMaster University, York University and the University of Toronto's main and Scarborough campuses.
[edit] Germany
The cherry blossom is a major tourist attraction in Germany's Altes Land orchard region.
[edit] Philippines
A province in Western Philippines, Palawan, serves as home to an endemic Palawan Cherry Blossoms, which appears to resemble that of Japan's, thus the name.
[edit] South Korea
Watching of cherry blossom was introduced to Korea during Japanese rule.[12][13][14] The festivals continued even after the Japanese surrendered in WWII. "In 1933, the Japanese botanist Koizumi Genichi reported that the Japanese Sakura (Somei Yoshino) is of Jeju-do island origin.[15] In 1992, Takaki Kiyoko[who?], another botanist specializing in sakura, also claimed that the Yoshino sakura hails from Jeju Island. According to Invest Korea journal, more evidence supporting this claim is that while this species of cherry tree is indigenous to Korea and can be found as part of the natural flora of Mount Halla, it cannot be found anywhere in Japan".[16] However, this claim did not become the mainstream of botanists. In 1916, Ernest Henry Wilson insisted on "Japanese Sakura (Somei Yoshino)" was a crossbreed of the wild species of Japanese Sakura ("Edo higan" and "Oshima sakura").[17] In 1991, Professor of Tsukuba University Iwasaki Fumio reported that "Japanese Sakura (Somei Yoshino) were born in around 1720-1735 by the artificial crossing in Edo (Tokyo)."[18] Recent studies conducted on the comparison of Korean and Japanese cherry blossoms by botanist concluded that the two trees can be categorized as distinct species when analyzed by inter-simple sequence repeat and chloroplast DNA in 2007.[19] Further studies are ongoing. This lead Japan to develop many theories on how and where the cultivated hybrids came to be but its origin is still obscure.[20] Scientia Horiculturae volume 114 states cherry blossoms "that grows under natural environments in Jeju, Korea and of Yoshino cherry hybrids that grows only in cultivated conditions in Japan".[21][22] Certain trees at Seoul's Gyeongbok Palace were cut down to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Japanese surrender in World War II.[9] Although Cherry blossoms are already indigenous to Korea, Japan had planted these tree on sacred and offensive locations in the Palace. Once the offensive trees were cut down the festival continued with the indigenous trees. The cherry blossom festival at Gyeongbok Palace is one of a number of such festivals across Korea and is prominently advertised to tourists.[23]
[edit] United Kingdom
Batsford Arboretum in Gloucestershire holds the national collection of Japanese village cherries, sato-sakura group.[24][25]
[edit] United States
Japan gave 3,020 cherry blossom trees as a gift to the United States in 1912 to celebrate the nations' then-growing friendship[26]. These trees were planted in Sakura Park in Manhattan and famously line the shore of the Tidal Basin in Washington, D.C. (see West Potomac Park), and the gift was renewed with another 3,800 trees in 1965.[27] The cherry blossom trees continue to be a popular tourist attraction (and the subject of the annual National Cherry Blossom Festival) when they reach full bloom in early spring. Also, Balboa Park of San Diego has 2,000 cherry blossom trees that blossom in mid to late March. The trees are located on Balboa Boulevard in Van Nuys. Philadelphia is also home to over 2000 flowering Japanese cherry trees, half of which were a gift from the Japanese government in 1926 in honor of the 150th anniversary of American independence, with the other half planted by the Japan America Society of Greater Philadelphia between 1998 and 2007. Philadelphia's cherry blossoms are located within Fairmount Park, and the annual Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia celebrates the blooming trees. The University of Washington in Seattle also has cherry blossoms in its Quad.
Other US cities have an annual Cherry Blossom Festival (or Sakura Matsuri), including the International Cherry Blossom Festival in Macon, Georgia, which features over 300,000 cherry trees. Belleville, Bloomfield, and Newark, New Jersey celebrate the annual Branch Brook Park Cherry Blossom Festival in April, which attracts thousands of visitors from the local area, Japan, and India. As of April 2009, Branch Brook Park has a cherry tree collection with over 4,000 cherry blossoms in more than fourteen different varieties.[28] Branch Brook Park will soon have more flowering cherry trees than Washington, D.C., thanks to an ongoing replanting program. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden in New York City also has a large, well-attended festival.
[edit] Culinary use
pickled blossoms
pickled blossoms
A cup of sakurayu
A cup of sakurayu
Cherry blossoms and leaves are both edible and used as food ingredients in Japan. The blossoms are pickled in salt and umezu and used for coaxing out flavor in wagashi or anpan. Salt-pickled blossoms in hot water is called sakurayu and drunk at festive events like weddings in place of green tea. Leaves, mostly Ōshima cherry because of the softness, are also pickled in salted water and used for sakuramochi. Since the leaves contain coumarin, however, it is not recommend to eat them in great quantity.
[edit] Gallery
Cherry blossom in Washington, D.C.
Cherry blossom in Newark, New Jersey
Cherry blossom in the Botanical Garden of Curitiba, Southern Brazil
[edit] See also
* Prunus
* Kigo: discussion of the role of sakura in Japanese poetry
* Mono no aware
* Kabazaiku: sakura wood craftsmanship
* Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival of Greater Philadelphia
* Cherry
* The Cherry Orchard
[edit] Notes
1. ^ "sakura". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/unabridged?va=sakura. Retrieved 2008-04-02. "JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY".
2. ^ "japanese flowering cherry". Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. Merriam-Webster. 2002. http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/unabridged?book=Third&va=japanese+flowering+cherry. Retrieved 2008-04-02. "any of certain ornamental hybrid cherries developed in Japan chiefly from two species (Prunus serrulata and P. sieboldii) that bear a profusion of white or pink usually double and often fragrant flowers followed by small inedible fruit...".
3. ^ Brandow Samuels, Gayle.
4. ^ Brandow Samuels, Gayle. Enduring Roots: Encounters with Trees, History and the American Landscape. 1999, page 76.
5. ^ a b Choy Lee, Khoon. Japan--between Myth and Reality. 1995, page 142.
6. ^ Young, John and Nakajima-Okano, Kimiko. Learn Japanese: New College Text. 1985, page 268.
7. ^ a b Slaymaker, Douglas. The Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction. 2004, page 122.
8. ^ a b c d Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. 2002, page 9-10.
9. ^ a b c Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms. 2002, page 122-3.
10. ^ Sakamoto, Kerri: One Hundred Million Hearts. Vintage Book, 2004. ISBN 0-676-97512-7.
11. ^ "Winter-flowering cherry", accessed 1 January, 2008.
12. ^ Born in war, saved in peace – the cherry blossoms that may die as friendship cools Times Online
13. ^ "몰락한 왕조 궁궐에 핀 사쿠라 일제는 갔어도 벚꽃놀이는 남아". 中央日報. http://article.joins.com/article/article.asp?total_id=3576782. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
14. ^ "胸と肩に桜の花を挿して犠牲を誓う１８歳の操縦士". 中央日報. http://japanese.joins.com/article/article.php?aid=113981&servcode=100§code=140. Retrieved 2009-05-11. (Japanese)
15. ^ Koidzumi, G. Prunus yedoensis Matsum. is a native of Quelpaert. Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica, 1:177, 1932
16. ^ http://www.investkorea.org/InvestKoreaWar/work/journal/content/content_main.jsp?code=4560408
17. ^ The Cherries of Japan (page 16) (1916).
18. ^ ソメイヨシノとその近縁種の野生状態とソメイヨシノの発生地. 筑波大農林研報 (1991), 3:95-110.
19. ^ "Characterization of Wild Prunus Yedoensis Analyzed by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat and Chloroplast DNA". United StatesDepartment of Agriculture. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=205306. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
20. ^ http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/54/5/207
21. ^ "Characterization of Wild Prunus Yedoensis Analyzed by Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat and Chloroplast DNA". United StatesDepartment of Agriculture. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=205306. Retrieved 2009-05-14.
22. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TC3-4P7FHTX-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b18ded64a95960f2d7ceb5dd2e340f77
23. ^ [1]
24. ^ Batsford Arboretum
25. ^ NCCPG: Batsford Arboretum
26. ^ "nps.gov - Cherry Blossom History". http://www.nps.gov/cherry/cherry-blossom-history.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
27. ^ Jefferson, Roland M. and Alan F. Fusonie. (1977). "The Japanese Flowering Cherry Trees of Washington, D.C.: A Living Symbol of Friendship. National Arboretum Contribution No. 4." Washington: USDA, Agricultural Research Service.
28. ^ http://www.essex-countynj.org/blossom/flier09.pdf
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